The link between germs and disease was first shown by Louis Pasteur in the 1860s.
Gardasil, made by Sanofi Pasteur MSD, is the most widely used of the two vaccines.
In 1885, French chemist Louis Pasteur successfully treated a patient with his anti-rabies vaccine.
But it didn't prevent illness completely, said Nicole Guiso of the Pasteur Institute, one of the researchers.
Pasteur found it in a piece of practical science: he was trying to prevent food going off.
Pasteur is reported to have ignored 90% of his data that did not fit his contagion model.
The Laureate of the 2003 Institut Pasteur-UNESCO Medal is Professor Fadila Boulahbal from Algeria, a specialists in tuberculosis.
In 1970, Professor Boulahbal became head of the laboratory of tuberculosis and mycobacteria at the Pasteur Institute in Algiers.
Has it really progressed since Paul Muni strapped on his beard and went to work as Zola and Pasteur?
From 1996 to 1999, she was co-director of the National Reference Centre on Mycobacteria in the Pasteur Institute in Paris.
Not to mention 3, 633 roads in France, according to the Fondation Charles-de-Gaulle: more than Louis Pasteur (3, 001) and Victor Hugo (2, 258).
For now, ISU borrows a building from the local Universit Louis Pasteur.
But if Mr Kabila's allies thought Uganda's Yoweri Museveni and Rwanda's Pasteur Bizimungu were prepared to beg for terms, they were wrong.
For nearly a century after Louis Pasteur invented it in 1885, the rabies vaccine was made from ground-up animal brains and spinal cords.
Aventis Pasteur, a unit of the newly formed Sanofi-Aventis (nyse: SNY - news - people ), can probably provide 50 million doses.
As a result, the U.S. may only have half the vaccine it needs--too much for Aventis Pasteur, the only other maker of flu vaccine, to make up for on short notice.
According to Conrad, the story goes that the San Rafael teens named themselves "the Waldos" and would meet very day at 4:20 p.m. near a statue of Louis Pasteur to smoke joints.
When Paul Reiter, an expert on insect-borne diseases at the Pasteur Institute, begged to differ pointing out that malaria's range was shrinking and was limited by factors other than temperature he had an uphill struggle.
Sadly, the history of science is replete with investigators who were discredited by the status quo but who were eventually proved right: Galileo, Semmelweis, Pasteur, Ohm, Nott, Zweig and Rous, to name a few.
Given the recent unravelling, by the Pasteur Institute in France, of the genome of Mycobacterium leprae, the organism that causes the disease, science is better poised to carry out such research than ever before.
The chemical industry took off within a decade or so of Dmitri Mendeleev's arrangement of the chemical elements into the periodic table, just as radio communications followed James Clerk Maxwell's mathematical unification of electricity and magnetism, and antibiotics came after Pasteur and Koch.
Mr Schwartz is a former director of the Institut Pasteur in France, and his book maps out with great clarity the scientific investigation into how scrapie a disease that has long been known to afflict sheep came to cross the species barrier to cows, and then from cows to humans.
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