In the case of Oxford Nanopore's technology, the DNA molecule is fed through the hole one base at a time by a second protein, an enzyme called an exonuclease.
ECONOMIST: Nanopores may lead the way to a new generation of sequencing
It is in a race with several companies that are taking aim at a novel target, a protein-chewing enzyme called DPP-4 (dipeptidylpeptidase 4) which plays a role in disrupting the production of insulin.
After scientists repeatedly failed to piece together the structure of a protein-cutting enzyme from an AIDS-like virus, they challenged the gamers to produce an accurate model of the enzyme which they did in three weeks.
To be specific, Merck (MRK) will test a beta-amyloid precursor protein site-cleaving enzyme, or BACE, inhibitor, which the drugmaker notes is the first drug with this type of mechanism to advance to this stage of clinical research.
Professor Seth Grant, an expert in the molecular mechanism of learning and memory at Edinburgh University, told BBC News Online that PKM was a particular version of an enzyme called protein kinase C (PKC) that had long been implicated in learning.
Cade JR, et al. Autism and schizophrenia linked to malfunctioning enzyme for milk protein digestion.
The Colorado team solved the problem by using a fluorescent green protein to highlight rare fragments of the enzyme that did not clump together in the usual way.
She focused on a protein called 5-lipoxygenase, a key enzyme that spurs the body to produce leukotrienes.
Peroxynitrites contribute to the hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins by oxidating g-protein coupled receptors and trysoine kinase receptors preventing protein kinase C and AKT from inactivating the enzyme GSK3 which is necessary to prevent the hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins.
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All of the cholesterol drugs known as statins work by blocking the same drug target, a liver enzyme (enzymes are a kind of protein).
The enzyme breaks up a virus's outer protein envelope into a mixture of mini-proteins known as peptides.
But when the protein was attached to the mRNA for the Cox-2 enzyme, cancer cells could no longer make Cox-2, and they died, suggesting it plays a key role in tumour cell survival or death.
The drugs work by blocking an enzyme called factor 10a that helps spur the production of a crucial clot-promoting protein called thrombin.
These work by binding chemically to that enzyme's active site to inhibit its action. (Protease cuts the raw chain of virus protein produced by a subverted cell into functional molecules.) However, the mechanism is not quite identical.
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