So if a genuine reflation requires the yen's depreciation, the psychological effect on regional currencies should be relatively muted.
Such acts are difficult for the authorities to prevent, and images of them can have a powerful psychological effect among sympathisers.
Negative headlines could have a psychological effect on the directors, says Nell Minow, the director of The Corporate Library, which tracks governance trends.
But, he said, it could have a beneficial psychological effect.
This can have a pretty long-lasting psychological effect, you'd think.
Republicans argue that even though the bulk of Bush's tax cut won't be felt for years, the entire package would have an immediate, positive psychological effect on the markets and consumers -- if Congress passes it.
November's numbers will have a stronger psychological effect because of a slew of upbeat data including strong job growth of 172, 000 in October, excellent November retail sales numbers, GDP upwardly revised to 2.5%, and increased consumer confidence and productivity.
To find out whether they were caused by a psychological effect related to the number of perceived competitors, or were merely a consequence of the greater distraction produced by crowding more people together, Dr Garcia and Dr Tor conducted an experiment.
"The U.S. was hit on its own territory, and furthermore, the impact was done by civilian aircraft, which most probably will create a psychological effect that is much bigger than the Gulf War, " said Jean-Claude Baumgarten, CEO of the World Travel and Tourism Council.
The success of one terrorist organization has a psychological domino effect because it excites and encourages other terrorist organizations.
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And while that may sound good for bargain hunters, and perhaps even more importantly for Japan's ageing households receiving fixed pension incomes, if prices continue to fall for a prolonged period, it actually has a negative psychological and business effect, some economists argue.
To say that it will have a major effect on our psychological well-being would be overstatement.
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"Close relationships have a big effect on both psychological and physical well-being, " says Karen Fingerman, Ph.
Announcement of bail-out plans helped ease things, but the effect was purely psychological.
Some of these measures are in my view security-theater, with little real effect other than the psychological factor and appearance of invincibility of our airport checkpoints.
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Our research, which will appear in the Academy of Management Journal, suggests that simple, psychological interventions can have a potent effect, perhaps as potent as costly compliance initiatives.
And that's without even considering the possible placebo effect, the idea that the psychological boost of believing in the bands can improve performance.
During the 17-plus-months of their virtual voyage, the crew took part in various studies to assess the effect their isolation was having on their psychological and physiological well being.
They asked participants to report on their own psychological health during that time to estimate the "green space effect".
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Psoriasis is rarely fatal, but the psychological damage people can suffer because of the disfigurement can have a devastating effect on their lives.
Such a notion could not produce a strong effect had the writer not prepared the reader with lucid, logical and vivid prose that conveys psychological truth.
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