This is the global surface temperature departure from the 1961-1990 average, also from the CRU at East Anglia. (Despite all the climategate hubbub, this is still the reference standard in the business).
With its programmatic approach, based on a listing system and the use of revisable operational guidelines for its implementation, the 1972 Convention strengthened heritage conservation policies, and became the standard reference for including conservation policies as a means of development, largely through tourism.
But more than that, Hopkins's father was the author of A Handbook of Average and A Manual of Marine Insurance, both standard reference books for negotiating, averaging, and adjusting the liabilities to insurance underwriters of cargo losses and shipwrecks, so Hopkins grew up in a world wet with marine accidents and was especially attentive to them.
In accordance with Casio's own standard with reference to the US MIL-STD-810F Method 516.5-Shock, the camera passed a test in which it was dropped from a height of 2.13 meters (7 feet) onto lauan plywood at 26 different angles.
ENGADGET: Casio trots out world's slimmest shock-resistant digicam: EX-G1 (video)
Wi-Fi--known among techies as 802.11, a reference to its underlying technology standard--is an alternative means of Internet access.
Buyers and suppliers who have no binding relationship, by contrast, and who stick to standard legal tenders without reference to current difficult market conditions, could find themselves in a new realm of uncharted territory with little trust.
For example, a year ago American Airlines began allowing its pilots to use iPads in the cockpit during flight, replacing the standard 35-pound kit of reference manuals.
ENGADGET: Editorial: Devices on planes -- either enforce the rules or change them
In Dr Attari's study, for example, the survey provided a reference measure by stating the amount of energy used by a standard light bulb.
As a reference point, the U.S. might use the standard of the British, who now seem chipper enough about troubled southern Iraq to begin drawing down their forces there.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, which publishes the actual rules that Wi-Fi devices reference, said its standards-writing process is running ahead of schedule and should publish the new standard before year's end.
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