The reason this matters is that 95% of dissolved organic matter seems to be refractory.
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Instead, Dr Jiao thinks refractory compounds are made and released by these bugs mainly in response to viral infections.
The scientists used a scanning-electron microscope to view the panguite within a so-called ultra-refractory inclusion embedded within the meteorite.
They want to understand what makes such compounds refractory and whether they can be made more or less so.
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For example, Dr Jiao and his colleagues want to map the abundance, composition and distribution of refractory molecules in more detail.
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The question is, how is some of this converted into refractory compounds?
In March, I sat in a Board meeting of a small company in the Midwest whose business is the manufacture and sale of refractory products.
At the final stage of the infection, the viruses destroy the cells they have infected, a process that provides a rich source of refractory compounds.
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They include Pertuzumab, a drug that seeks to treat adjudavant breast cancer, and a product named TDM1, designed for patients suffering from refractory breast cancer.
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The analysis only uses U.S. revenue estimates generated from TG-1101 in relapsed and refractory NHL and CLL patient populations, as well as its current cash flow position.
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The ultra-refractory type includes minerals that can resist high temperatures and other conditions in extreme environments, such as those thought to exist as our solar system was forming.
For one thing, the patients in the placebo arm of the study appeared to be sicker, older, and more refractory to prior chemotherapy than those in the elesclomol arm.
It was discovered ten years ago that AAPB produce refractory molecules when they metabolise sugars and L-amino acids, but it is only recently that the scale on which they do so has become apparent.
If someone has glaucoma - that is high pressure in the eyes - we can take care of that, if someone needs refractory surgery - that's surgery to correct focusing problems - we are able to provide that.
The day before the opening today of the ASH conference in Atlanta, TG Therapeitics announced it has initiated a phase 1 and 2 clinical trials to evaluate the safety, tolerability and efficacy of its product, TG-1101, a novel third-generation anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, in combination with Revilimid for patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell lymphoid malignancies who were previously treated with anti-CD20 antibody therapy.
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