Later in a speech delivered in French, the Queen highlighted the importance of co-operation between nations, and highlighted Britain and France's shared spirit of scientific discoveries.

BBC: NEWS | UK | Queen takes day-trip to Toulouse

Now in recognition of Tudor's hardy entrepreneurial spirit - as well as almost two decades of scientific research on the continent - he has been awarded the Queen's Polar Medal (PM) in the New Year's honours list.

BBC: Antarctic career lands Tudor Morgan Queen's Polar Medal

Such superstitions faded as scientific knowledge increased, but in the 19th century interest in the spirit world revived, beginning in Germany.

ECONOMIST: Free that gnome

The Prize rewards significant activities in the scientific, artistic, cultural or communication fields aimed at the promotion of a spirit of tolerance and non-violence.

UNESCO: Madanjeet Singh Prize for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence 2009

It is in this spirit that I call today on governments, civil society, public and private actors, well beyond scientific circles, to mobilize so as to release the full potential of all sciences for development and peace, which are inseparable and essential for the future that we want.

UNESCO: OFFICE IN KATHMANDU