By contrast Scrooge, even as an old man, had no apprentices and only one employee, a low wage and low skilled one at that.

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It began innocuously, in the early 2000s, when businesses started to realize that highly skilled jobs formerly performed in-house, by a single employee, could more efficiently be crowd-sourced to a larger group of people via the Internet.

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While these systems take away from managers some aspects of the employee performance review process, they also create a much more skilled and better-liked group of managers.

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