The second stage, which burns a solid fuel, was produced by South Korean engineers.
Kerosene lanterns are as ubiquitous in the developing world as solid fuel cook stoves.
FORBES: Where There's Smoke, There's Fire: A Call to Action for Better Indoor Air Pollution Research
And it does so at a high enough temperature to ignite the solid fuel.
Liquid fuel can be continuously cleaned of the contaminants that spoil solid fuel.
The term hybrid is used because this type of rocket motor uses neither all-liquid fuel nor all-solid fuel, but a combination of both.
If you are using solid fuel, add a few lumps of charcoal or a few briquettes every hour, just enough to keep the fire going.
Would eradication of solid fuel cook stoves eliminate indoor air pollution?
FORBES: Where There's Smoke, There's Fire: A Call to Action for Better Indoor Air Pollution Research
If solid fuel cook stoves and kerosene lanterns are used in the same households, then getting the answers we need may be straightforward and low cost.
FORBES: Where There's Smoke, There's Fire: A Call to Action for Better Indoor Air Pollution Research
While in the field, mothers being surveyed about their use of solid fuel cook stoves could also be asked a few questions about their use of kerosene for lighting.
FORBES: Where There's Smoke, There's Fire: A Call to Action for Better Indoor Air Pollution Research
The hybrid design which Mr Jubb has come up with uses a solid fuel called hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene, a form of synthetic rubber used to make things like aircraft tyres.
Households with oil-fired central heating, and those using solid fuel or liquid petroleum gas to heat their homes, are much more likely to be in fuel poverty than "on-grid" households.
Frankly, I believe that solid oxide fuel cells are the better technology in the long run, but Fuel Cell Energy owns 43% of the shares of VERSA Power that also makes solid oxide fuel cells.
For scandium just is the best thing to make solid oxide fuel cells out of.
As a solid-fuel rocket, this could be fired at short notice from mobile launchers.
Another is to use powerful solar cells to collect sunlight in conjunction with an efficient solid oxide fuel cell.
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Solid nuclear fuel like that used at Fukushima-Daiichi can melt and release radioactive materials if not cooled consistently during shutdown.
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Iraq is also believed to be capable of manufacturing solid rocket fuel.
As a result, real concerns are beginning to be expressed about the viability of the U.S. industrial base for solid-fuel rocket motors.
The advantage of solid oxide fuel cells running so hot is that all that waste heat can potentially be put to good use.
FORBES: The Economics of Bloom Energy's 'Breakthrough' Fuel Cell
Solid-fuel reactors are atomic pressure cookers, with the constant danger of high-pressure ruptures, meltdowns, and the forceful ejection of radioactive material into the environment.
Solid oxide fuel cells have notoriously faced challenges with durability, since they operate at very high temperatures, which the Bloom box will also have to overcome to prove profitable.
FORBES: The Economics of Bloom Energy's 'Breakthrough' Fuel Cell
Both Apple and Google have one in North Carolina, both of them are using or thinking of using solid oxide fuel cells to at least partially power them.
When co-generating heat and electricity, solid oxide fuel cells can reach combined efficiencies upwards of 85%, which is excellent, but no word yet whether or not the Bloom fuel cell will co-generate heat.
FORBES: The Economics of Bloom Energy's 'Breakthrough' Fuel Cell
The gas is then fed into a stack of solid oxide fuel cells, where a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen occurs, producing electricity, water vapor and a tiny amount of carbon dioxide.
The technology is based on highly efficient solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) wafer fabrication methods, including key nanotechnology elements, and is fueled by recyclable high energy power cartridges, or pods.
ENGADGET: Lilliputian debuts Nectar Mobile Power, promises two weeks of battery life per cell
The Tennessee Valley Authority (nyse: TVC - news - people ), a big Chattanooga employer, is taking the output from the 5-kilowatt solid oxide fuel cell that the center is experimenting with.
Bethesda, Maryland, is developing solid oxide fuel cell generators that will replace reliance on traditional battlefield power solutions and potentially reduce the fuel required for tactical generation of electric power by half or more.
FORBES: Lockheed Gambles On Green Generators For U.S. Military
In a report published by The Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, Rubin, who has been awarded the Israel Defense Prize and oversaw the development of Israel's Arrow missile defense system, concludes that Iran today has the capacity to develop solid-fuel-based intermediate ballistic missiles with a range of 3, 600 kilometers.
But solid-oxide fuel cells are hardier and offer far more punch because they can use denser hydrocarbons as fuel.
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