The underground economy would then become a source of tax revenue.
Income from value added tax, the government's biggest source of tax revenue representing about 36 per cent of the total, has been falling since 2008, despite a sharp increase in the rate -- the main rate is now 23 per cent.
Higher growth and higher employment are a far more potent source of increased revenue than higher tax rates.
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And even a small drag on economic growth will be more detrimental than losing this tax as a source of federal revenue.
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Part of the problem, according to PPIC, is California's high dependency on personal and corporate income tax, a volatile source of revenue that fluctuates with the economy.
But others, including two of the most important, Maharashtra (home to Mumbai) and Delhi, are reluctant to follow for big airports: the tax is a valuable source of revenue out of which fuels used by the poor, such as kerosene and diesel, are subsidised.
Trade tax, a corporate tax that is the biggest source of local revenue, is rebounding with the economy.
Growth in sales-tax revenue, a critical source of state income, has tumbled and will struggle as long as consumer spending does.
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The biggest source of federal revenue throughout the New Deal was the excise tax on beer, cigarettes, soft drinks, chewing gum, radios and other cheap pleasures enjoyed disproportionately by middle class and poor people.
Cities and counties trying to stretch dollars from the local tax base are more likely to see speeding motorists as a new source of revenue, each study found.
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Tariffs were the main source of federal revenue from the founding of the United States until the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment providing for an income tax in 1913.
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