Now, that market in the sperm donor world accounts for less than 14 percent, according to projections by Charles Sims, the organization's co-founder and medical director.
Had a physician carried out the insemination, that would not be the case, because Marotta would be able to document that he was a sperm donor and not the lover of the girl's mother, said CNN Senior Medical Correspondent Elizabeth Cohen.
"It is true that future fertility techniques may well be able to help a sterile or near-sterile child reproduce but that may be an outcome that parents do not want to risk and they may instead turn to a known-to-be-fertile sperm donor, " he said.
One woman decided to stop waiting for the right man at the right moment and explored using donor sperm to have a baby on her own, using her frozen eggs.
After that point, as word slowly spread, doctors began to quietly experiment with artificial insemination with donor sperm, working only with infertile heterosexual couples, turning to friends of the couple or -- once again -- their medical students.
The Shi'ite position is less strict - within the last five years Ayatollah Ali Khamanei, the current spiritual leader of the Hizbollah movement in Lebanon, permitted the use of donor eggs and even donor sperm under certain circumstances.
While IVF using eggs and sperm taken from the couple in question is allowed, Sunni Muslims are prohibited from using donor eggs or sperm, and surrogacy is also forbidden after the issuing of several "fatwas" from the 1980s onwards from the Al-Azhar University in Egypt.
Programs and sperm banks should expect inquiries from donor offspring and consider developing a written policy to respond to these inquiries.
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Using IVF, a surrogate and donated eggs, a gay couple could mix and match their sperm with the desired characteristics of an egg donor, creating children with, say, the actual genes of one partner and the mimicked characteristics of the other.
In some cases, the customer knows who has donated the sperm, although rules determining the identity of the donor vary from country to country.
Sperm banks do not need to identify celebrity resemblance to a male donor because it could create "unreasonable expectations" of the child, Rothstein said.
Using eggs from the same donor so that the offspring would be kin, doctors fertilized them with the respective sperm of the two men and implanted the embryos in two separate surrogates.
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