The National Weather Service updated its storm-surge model to take into account larger and slower-moving storms and include better elevation and high tide data last year.
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Candidates could seek to use a storm-related surge in gas prices to score political gains in the final days of the campaign.
Nonetheless, its storm surge -- joined by heavy wind, rain and tornadoes -- left a swath of destruction from east Texas to Alabama.
The worst damage in New York came from a 13-foot storm surge that filled Battery Park City and streets from the South Street Seaport throughout the Lower East Side.
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But the immediate cause of the flooding was the failure of floodwalls and levees that were guaranteed to withstand a Katrina-sized storm surge, but failed thanks to faulty design and construction by the Army Corps of Engineers.
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The earth bank aims to protect homes against a one-in-100-year tide and storm surge.
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Coastal areas are at increasing risk from sea-level rise and storm surge.
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The worst hit area is Plaquemines Parish, which juts out into the Gulf of Mexico, and where the storm surge overtopped an 8-foot-high, 18-mile levee, flooding an estimated 800 homes and forcing residents onto their roofs.
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While Isaac is likely to become a hurricane today, Fugate and Knabb urged those in the path of the storm to focus less on its particular classification and more on the storm's size and the potential for a storm surge that could reach 6 to 12 feet -- as well as record levels of rain fall.
Violent winds, torrential downpour and a storm surge could result in wide-spread power outages and heavy flooding.
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The luxurious new Black Rock Oceanfront Resort is a curving sweep of glass, steel, and wood beside the rain forest and above a surge channel that boasts the best storm-watching in the West.
"We had just finished our first day on the subway, " Mr. Fleischner said of the storm surge that devastated the film's above-ground Rockaway locations, "pretty much demolished" the director's own home and knocked out train service for weeks.
Weinberg noted that Katrina had been a Category 3 hurricane before moving up to Category 5, and there are thus still concerns about whether New Orleans' partially-rebuilt levee system can contain a sudden storm surge and prevent the city from flooding.
Salt water swamped several large fuel-distribution centers in New Jersey when Sandy's storm surge hit Monday night.
During Katrina, the storm surge coming up the Intracoastal Waterway destroyed a 4, 000-foot long floodwall.
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The agency had earlier warned of the potential for flooding - but only if there had been bad weather and a storm surge at the same time as the tides.
Bangladesh, low-lying and with isolated villages, is extremely susceptible to the storm surge Sidr is expected to bring.
The latest advisory from the National Hurricane Center says the track of the storm has shifted slightly to the west, making it a bit less likely the state will get hurricane-force gusts, but will still see high winds and a storm surge from high waves.
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As it stands now, we are still supporting in North Carolina requests for assistance as they go to the recovery phase and begin damage assessments -- a lot of power outages, roads that were heavily damaged by storm surge, particularly in the Outer Banks, as well as a lot of debris in the eastern part of the state.
Post-Katrina, the Corps of Engineers built gates to close off the canals in the event of a storm surge threat, and equipped them with pumps that lift rainwater up and over the closed gates.
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