The subsurface structures can then be probed from several different angles at the same time.
The resulting data must then be processed to produce a picture of the subsurface.
"We should give serious consideration to exploring rocks representing subsurface environments in future missions, " Michalski said.
Venus Express will make unique studies of this atmosphere and conduct the first radar soundings of the Venusian subsurface.
"We have said all along there is dispersed oil subsurface -- that oil is out there, " she said.
Before Argo, the temperature and salinity of the subsurface oceans could only be measured from ships or fixed point moorings.
The buoys also contain weather-sensing devices that test for surface temperatures, subsurface temperatures, wind speed, and other indications of changing weather.
And the oil that is -- has dispersants applied to it becomes emulsified and is pulled away from the surface and down in subsurface.
For example, its governing body would be empowered to impose what amount to international taxes on resources extracted from the ocean floor and subsurface.
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Activities will include participation in the Global Water Experiment and presentations a subsurface profiling float of the Argo programme, implemented under the auspices of UNESCO.
These fluids trapped in the subsurface could have periodically breached the surface in deep basins such as McLaughlin Crater, possibly carrying clues to subsurface habitability.
It isolates and segregates different subsurface zones and rock units, it controls corrosion, and it stabilizes the well, the pipe and the rock formation itself.
Underground natural gas storage means subsurface storage of natural gas, e.g.
Multistage (often 15 to 20 or more stages) hydraulic fracturing with the subsurface lateral pipe often running 5, 000 feet or more is the business norm now.
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"We'll keep track of the seismic activity to see whether it continues to indicate this underthrusting of the Mediterranean subsurface underneath North Africa, " said Rinus Wortel.
The closest thing to LED photomodulation is a controversial procedure called nonablative laser treatment, which uses heat to burn away subsurface skin so that new cells will replace it.
Recovery would be quite difficult given the subsurface connectivity.
Among other response activities are on-water skimming, subsurface wellhead operations, continued efforts to see if they can get that shut-off valve to close, and significant booming efforts underway to protect vital shoreline.
In the early days of oil and gas exploration, geologists would largely rely upon topology at the surface of the earth to interpret the location of oil and gas accumulations in the subsurface.
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These missiles essentially pilotless aircraft capable of high accuracy delivery of nuclear or conventional ordinance over long distances from a variety of surface and subsurface naval platforms represent a powerful force-multiplier for the U.S. Navy.
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Today Argo provides the first-ever global-scale, all-weather subsurface observations of the oceans, an unprecedented dataset for researchers studying the temperature, salinity, and circulation of the global oceans and how these change over periods ranging from days to decades.
The ingredients for life the researchers describe, "including energy sources, would have been more available early in Mars' history, but it doesn't take too much imagination to picture a scenario in which the subsurface is habitable today, " Michalski said.
Based on the Phoenix lander, the craft is tasked with giving us a peek beneath the planet's surface, armed with tools that include a geodetic instrument from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which will be used to calculate Mars' rotation axis, a seismic wave sensor and a subsurface heat probe, to measure the planet's internal temperature.
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