If investors were worried about losing those gains, they would be paying up for options to protect against a sudden fall in share prices.
The paper says moves to equalise the tax system would have to be carried out more slowly to avoid a sudden fall in living standards.
And, having reached the mid-competition break in second place behind North Division leaders Lancashire on 4 June with four wins from their first six games, the Tykes' sudden fall from grace has been unexpectedly abrupt.
Now, given that the severe recession of 2008-2009 was caused by a sudden fall in demand, and given that demand and NGDP are the same thing, it would make sense for the Fed to increase NGDP in order to accelerate the economic recovery.
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Moreover, as the chart shows, the rate of change has speeded up over the course of that period. (The sudden fall-off at the end is caused because the linkage-disequilibrium method cannot easily detect very recent mutations, rather than by a sudden reduction in the rate of evolution.) The researchers put this acceleration down to two things.
In theory, this strategy gives middle-aged plan members longer exposure to upward movements in the stockmarket, while safeguarding them against the risk of a sudden market fall.
Dr Paul Goldwater, from the Women and Children's Hospital in North Adelaide, said that a recent rise in cot deaths in the state of Victoria - despite the "back to sleep" advice - raised question marks over its true role in the fall in sudden infant death.
Instead of "government is the problem, " the president reminded us that we could all fall victim to sudden misfortune.
Dr Simon Boxall of the University of Southampton described the latest landslip as "awesome" and said it was likely the fall happened "in one sudden go".
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He pointed out that in Sweden, rates of sudden infant death had - despite a fall in the early 1990s - returned to the same rate as in the 1970s.
Such adjustments are often sudden, leading to a very sharp fall in the value of a currency: this was highlighted in new research published recently by the Federal Reserve, America's central bank.
Others fall in briefly because of a sudden windfall or the one-time sale of an asset.
But Saturday night showed what we could lose in the movement toward a supposedly tidier, more inclusive system: goofy, gorgeous, sudden-death mayhem that could arrive unscheduled on any late-fall weekend.
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But sometimes the music or what he was reading would all of a sudden cease to act on him or, worse, he would fall into despair or irritation, no longer able to see the bright horizon promised to him by music, by reading, by the art of imagination and the excitement of a sensitive heart.
And yes, a vast majority of the sudden surge in options bets are correct in predicting whether a stock will rise or fall, according to the study's co-author, Darren Hayunga, an assistant professor of finance at the University of Texas at Arlington.
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