As warm surface waters flow north they cool and get saltier, which makes them denser.
Most of that water stays in the well, but 20% returns to the surface as flow-back in the days and weeks after fracking.
ECONOMIST: Shale gas��s poor image in Europe is largely unjustified
On reaching the shale, the mixture of water and fracking fluid bursts open the rock and the sand keeps the fractures open, allowing the gas to flow to the surface.
It quickly became obvious, however, that there was more oil accumulating at the surface than would be possible at that flow rate.
Satellites at Mars have long captured images of channels on the planet's surface that were cut by some kind of flow, assumed to be liquid water.
Hydraulic fracturing pumps many thousands of gallons of mainly water and sand, with a few chemicals, at high pressure into tight gas-bearing shale deposits (hardened muds), creating cracks that allow gas to flow back up the well to the surface ( Shale Shock).
There are some systems that actually will take a circle and drop it just below the surface of the water and have the oil kind of flow into it, almost like a drain, recover it and pump it out.
One theory is that the summer sun melts ice on the surface of the glacier which creates pools of water which then flow into moulins -- narrow tubular shafts in the glacier.
Trying to stop the flow of an oil gusher 5000 feet below the surface in extremely cold water is a complex engineering challenge as was the original exploration, drilling, and construction of the oil rig in the first place.
Detailed studies of the surface indicate that these were formed by a lake caused by the flow of underground water that periodically made its way to the bottom of the crater.
This swirling slows down the flow, and thus helps the fluid to cling to the surface.
Rather, as a consequence of injecting water and sand into the shale formation to crack the rocks so gas and oil will flow, massive amounts of waste water comes back to the surface with significant amounts of contaminants as a result of leaching out salt, heavy metals and trace amounts of radioactive materials from the rock formation itself.
To simplify (a lot) the tri-gate transistor allows power to flow over three surfaces of a tall and narrow silicon fin, rather than over a flat surface.
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