About 130 officials were fired for taking baksheesh, and the volume of tariff revenue that actually reached state coffers jumped by almost 50% in two years.

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This could be offset, says Mr Maskus, if the rest of the world recycled its tariff revenue to the target country (or made a contribution from other taxes) in return for a higher minimum working age.

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Recipients of Chinese government spending will benefit, because they will indirectly receive the revenue from the tariff.

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They need a tariff, so they argue, to have enough revenue to research the trade secret.

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"However, as the new subscribers are mainly low-end users and tariff adjustments are steadily and gradually introduced in the first quarter, average revenue per minute of usage recorded a decrease, " Mr Wang added.

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