The most fruitful reform, notes Lardy, would be to end financial repression by liberalizing interest rates, which would increase real rates on deposits, thereby decreasing saving if the income effect is strong, and increasing consumption.
They cannot know what the investment return of a pension will be, or the final income, or the effect of inflation.
Net income did decline 95% because of the effect of other income.
The changing income pattern is not reflecting economic effects, but the effect of the demographic change of more lower income earning single households replacing higher income earning married households.
The effect of income, as in other studies, is small and statistically weak.
The report said a number of factors caused the problem, but payment by results played a part as the trust misjudged the effect of the changes on its income and workload.
Especially in the lower half of the income distribution, households were insulated from the full effect of the recession by the fact that benefits and tax credits rose sharply in real terms during the downturn, and affect more of the population than they did in 1981.
The report looks at elements of the system of state support which have the effect of cutting a family income in real terms, as a second earner works more.
And the paper bears out this effect: the difference in the income shares, of the top 5%, 10% and so on, really relies upon the additional 9 % or so of national income that the top 1% in the UK were getting in comparison to the top 1% of the US population.
FORBES: The United States Used to be the Most Equal Country in the World: What Happened?
The typical program structure ties premium costs for the enrollee to income as a percentage of the poverty level, which, in effect, creates a sliding subsidy scale offering more support to low income individuals.
FORBES: ObamaCare's Fuzzy Math: High Risk Pools Will Cost 8 Times What Is Budgeted
Caps on bankers' pay, if they could be rigorously enforced, would probably have the effect of redistributing income from banks' employees to their shareholders.
ECONOMIST: The parallels between footballers�� and bankers�� rewards
Although consumption and job growth appear to have held up well so far, the full effect of the recent tax hikes on upper income earners has not been felt yet.
The effect on the income statement is absolutely immaterial by deconsolidating Alipay because the current financials and economic flow is really captured in Taobao and that will remain going forward and be consolidated.
FORBES: Why Did ISS Recently Advise Yahoo! Shareholders to Re-Elect the Board?
Look, say the pundits, at the net effect of his new lower income-tax band (starting next month), the cut in the basic rate of income tax from 23% to 22%, the changes to national insurance, the abolition of the married couples' tax allowance and the mortgage-interest allowance (all starting a year from now), the new child tax credit (from 2001), etc.
However, the evidence seems to indicate that the main effect is to encourage higher income individuals to spend more on their homes since they reap more of the tax benefits.
More importantly, continued policy focus on income redistribution perpetuates the idea that income inequality is the root of middle class economic problems, rather than the effect, allowing for the continued avoidance of the deep-rooted structural issues in the U.S. economy.
FORBES: How Will The Middle Class Fare In The Battle Over The Fiscal Cliff?
SNP's plans to put 1p on the basic income-tax rate paid by Scots, in effect annulling the tax cut promised by Mr Brown for next year.
The Congressional Budget Office has just released a working paper evaluating the various ways that the effect of the carbon tax on low-income families might be offset.
FORBES: Carbon Tax Getting Serious Consideration As CBO Seeks To Address Regressiveness
This was in spite of his calculations not including the effect of the corporate income tax.
FORBES: Buffett, Bettencourt, Now the Germans Are Calling for Higher Taxes
One would allow an unlimited exemption for saving, in effect turning the current income tax into a consumption tax.
Economist Philip McDonagh said anyone who did relocate from London would help the Northern Ireland economy because of the multiplier effect attached to their income.
It is reasonable to assume that a tax rate change limited to a small group of taxpayers at the top of the income distribution would have a negligible effect on economic growth.
FORBES: Academics Have Spoken, And Obamanomics Is The Path To Slow Growth
The monies spent by the government on anything (whether sensible or not), or by citizens and companies to conform to government regulations and policies, exert an income effect that reflects the direct correlation between wealth and health.
When they looked at correlations between a man's income and his height at the ages of seven, 11 and 16, as well as his adult height, Dr Persico and his colleagues found that all of the effect of height on income was actually attributable to height at the age of 16.
Those farmers, in turn, help to spur local rural economies, via the multiplier effect, as they tend to spend the majority of their income on local goods and services.
The government is also cutting income taxes and has accelerated the cuts, which will now take effect next year.
The Laffer Curve-effect is more likely to work miracles if the highest marginal income tax rate is very high to begin with say over 50 or 60 percent and if the taxpayer has control of when to realize income for tax purposes.
But Estonia cut its contribution to private-sector pensions, in effect reducing the future retirement income of today's workers, while Poland has been considering similar proposals.
Allowing for the effect of transferring the interest income that the Bank of England has earned as a result of quantitative easing, that measure of borrowing has actually fallen for the remaining years of the Parliament.
Maybe from the first quarter of fiscal 2014, one can expect the effect of a weak yen to reflect on the income statement.
FORBES: Weaker Yen And U.S. Sales Will Fuel Honda's Earnings
应用推荐