In 2008, NICE said patients would not be able to try a second anti-TNF if their first attempt at anti-TNF therapy failed.

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The scientists found that a cell-signaling protein, or cytokine, known as a hippocampal TNF (tumor necrosis factor) played a limited role.

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CytImmune Sciences of Rockville, Maryland, has just begun a study of the efficacy of Aurimune, a solid-gold nanoparticle that carries a dose of tumour necrosis factor (TNF), a substance that has a natural tendency to stick to gold.

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It contains a man-made version of the body's own molecular receptor for TNF.

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Enbrel works by blocking a long-mysterious protein in the immune system known as tumor necrosis factor, or TNF.

FORBES: Chemical Chameleon