The findings suggest that women may be biologically more vulnerable to the toxic effects of tobacco smoke.
Most studies are based on imprecise recall and anecdotal evidence concerning the exact amount of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.
"The US Environmental Protection Agency has classified environmental tobacco smoke as a known human (class A) carcinogen, " he added.
BBC: NEWS | UK | Northern Ireland | Legal threat over passive smoking
Secondhand smoke, which is also called environmental tobacco smoke, is smoke inhaled involuntarily.
Ahron Leichtman founded Citizens for a Tobacco-free Society because the merest whiff of tobacco smoke gave him a headache.
The environmental tobacco smoke particulate matter reached levels 15 times those measured outdoors.
Carcinogens in tobacco smoke may speed tumor growth, for instance, as might the higher levels of testosterone associated with smoking.
He said it was possible that people had modified their lifestyles to reduce exposure to risk factors such as tobacco smoke.
"Tobacco smoke can stick around for weeks, months, even years, " he explains.
Artery walls are damaged by chemicals from tobacco smoke which make holes in the wall lining, and damage LDL, the "bad" form of cholesterol.
Components of tobacco smoke such as carbon monoxide, nicotine, benzene and small particles can easily be measured in the air of a smoker's home or workplace.
"The best way of addressing public concerns about environmental tobacco smoke is through the provision of designated non-smoking and smoking areas with good ventilation, " he said.
"Passive smoking is entirely avoidable and a private vehicle is one of the few places a child can still be legally exposed to tobacco smoke, " he said.
Some chemicals showed a possible link to breast cancer, including benzene, 1, 3-butadiene, and ethylene oxide, which are chemicals found in tobacco smoke, gas fumes, and exhaust from cars.
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The goal was to sort out whether some people were genetically more likely to get cancer or whether there were potential health effects induced by chemicals in tobacco smoke.
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Dr Siegfried believes the hormone may exacerbate the effects of exposure to tobacco smoke - and to other substances known to be linked to lung cancer such as the gas radon.
In a pitch for nonsmoker discounts, a Daihyaku Mutual Life TV ad shows two alluring women at a bar, one a prim nonsmoker, the other belching out a cloud of tobacco smoke.
"This is great news for a section of Northern Ireland's workforce, but for a large proportion of the remainder, there is still no respite from breathing in deadly tobacco smoke, " he said.
BBC: NEWS | UK | Northern Ireland | Doctors call for NI smoking ban
Martin Dockrell, director of research and policy at the campaign group Action on Smoking and Health (Ash), acknowledges that there is no clear evidence of a significant harm to health from second-hand outdoor tobacco smoke.
Dr. Sarah Janssen, a physician and scientist for the Natural Resources Defense Council, an environmental advocacy group, says that she frequently sees patients complaining of symptoms related to toxic levels of mold, lead, formaldehyde and tobacco smoke.
Smoking bans could have an effect on reducing heart attacks or heart disease generally by one of two major routes: either by inducing current smokers to quit or by reducing the exposure of non-smokers to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS).
The latest medical methods for identifying lung cancer VOCs are generally unreliable because there is a high risk of interference in the results, especially from the residuals of tobacco smoke, and the results can take a long time to process.
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Wander along the main thoroughfare with people from all over the world, through clouds of scented tobacco smoke, past tacky souvenir shops for tourists that trade right next to bulk foodstuff shops for locals, and stop at a random cafe table for a spot of sweet black tea and people watching.
For these reasons, they are unable to demonstrate whether an observed reduction in hospital admissions was due to measurable reductions in exposure to tobacco smoke or to other factors, such as the long-term continuing decline in heart disease rates, other factors that may affect smoking prevalence, changes in other risk factors for heart disease, or mere chance fluctuations.
But I believe the majority of the American people -- and indeed, the majority of Congress -- members of both parties in Congress -- will see this for what it is -- a tobacco industry smoke screen.
According to the National Cancer Institute and American Cancer Society, secondhand smoke is the combination of two types of smoke that is produced when burning tobacco: the smoke that comes from the burning end of a cigarette, cigar or pipe and the smoke that is exhaled by the smoker.
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Although the exact numbers of smokers in housing projects are unknown, about 30 percent of Americans living below the poverty line smoke tobacco, more than 1.5 times the rate of those who live above it.
Many have teeth stained from cigarettes they smoke and tobacco they chew to relieve the tedium.
Altria has been looking hard for ways to get consumers to use tobacco without having to smoke it, and as a market leader in smokeless products, UST's attraction should be expected.
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