NAFTA-induced growth in Mexico's exports has come at the expense of other countries and thus constitutes trade diversion.

ECONOMIST: Trading views

This kind of trade diversion is a typical consequence of antidumping restrictions.

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Even if trade diversion is substantial, however, it is not clear that regionalism stands in the way of broader efforts to reduce trade barriers.

ECONOMIST: Do regional trade agreements encourage free trade?

Being a large closed economy it has less to lose by moving too early in terms of trade diversion to other Asian exporters, says Booth.

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However, Mr Baldwin fails to find either this expected relative decline or the trade diversion it would have generated from the three countries that stayed out.

ECONOMIST: The supposed benefits of monetary union are cut down to size

One area of disagreement is the extent of trade diversion.

ECONOMIST: Do regional trade agreements encourage free trade?

This is a weak test of trade diversion.

ECONOMIST: A survey of world trade: Alphabetti spaghetti | The

However, both are now seriously threatened by deforestation and invasive practices, including intensive mining and logging, extensive livestock activity, water pollution, degradation of headwaters, unregulated processes of urban settlement, construction of roads, waterways and dams, drainage and diversion of rivers, burning of forests and illegal fishing and trade in wildlife.

UNESCO: Intangible Cultural Heritage