The country with the most generous unemployment benefits would have seen joblessness rise nearly five times as much as the one with the stingiest.
Evidence suggests that generous unemployment benefits tend to increase joblessness.
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Opponents of extended unemployment insurance argue that it prolongs joblessness and becomes a disincentive for finding work.
Youth unemployment is especially high, and joblessness among the young leaves lasting scars.
The prospect of choosing between multiple job offers may seem unlikely these days, given all the talk of joblessness and the real unemployment rate of 15.1% (counting people who have given up looking for work, and those working part-time who wish they had full-time jobs).
ECB's insistence that macroeconomic policy cannot affect joblessness could produce higher structural unemployment.
The recession, rigid labor markets, and excessive welfare spending have pushed unemployment to 24.4%, with youth joblessness over 50%.
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Evidence from Europe suggests that long spells of high joblessness leave a country's underlying unemployment rate permanently higher, as workers lose skills, becoming detached from the labour force and increasingly hard to re-employ.
Spain's unemployment rate has hit a modern day record, and joblessness among young people has topped 55%.
The drop in retail sales has come as Spain's unemployment rate has hit a modern day record, with joblessness among young people topping 55%.
The impact has been even greater in countries like Spain and Greece, where overall joblessness has hit one in four and youth unemployment is roughly 50%.
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At this point, supporters of the model might well point to Germany, where the youth unemployment rate is a mere 7.8% and overall joblessness is at its lowest level for decades.
Think about these numbers: As the national unemployment rate climbed to 8.5 percent early this year, joblessness among African-Americans reached 13.3 percent, higher than any other ethnic group.
In the euro area job prospects diverge hugely: unemployment is falling in Germany but Greece, Ireland and Portugal have joblessness rates not seen since the early 1990s (see bottom chart).
It is true that unemployment is high by Icelandic standards at 5.8%, but Greek joblessness stands at more than 16%.
Over the past two years, the economy has nose-dived into recession and joblessness has climbed -- and, as the study notes, unemployment is associated with stress and alcohol use.
Official unemployment is 1.5% (though some say there is much hidden joblessness).
With a statewide unemployment rate of 12.6%, California trails only Nevada and Michigan in joblessness and has lost 458, 600 jobs since March 2009, the highest total in the country.
And unemployment stands at a stubborn 10%: the administration forecasts see only a fractional fall in joblessness this year.
With national unemployment of 10% and a poor Muslim population largely confined to grim suburban housing estates, where joblessness can be two to three times the national average, the ingredients for social explosion have long been brewing.
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