He said based on projections allowing for increased settlement, water extraction and rising sea levels, the barrier was built to withstand a one-in-1, 000-year North Sea surge occurring by 2030.
The water leftover from the extraction process, known as tailings, contains arsenic, mercury, napthenic acids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
The idea that shale-gas will become the next gold rush is therefore jeopardized, particularly because its production requires seven times the amount of water as does the extraction of conventional natural gas.
FORBES: Water Shortages May Leave Energy Producers Dying of Thirst
Still, the MIT report points out that shale-gas extraction uses less water than other industries, and indeed than other sources of energy.
ECONOMIST: Shale gas��s poor image in Europe is largely unjustified
Unlike the normal gas extraction, chemically treated water is forced upon the rock underground to fracture it releasing the gas in the process.
Fracking is a technique of shale gas extraction that involves pumping water and chemicals into shale rock at high pressure to extract gas.
All sources of energy and electricity require water in their production processes: the extraction of raw materials, cooling in thermal processes, in cleaning processes, cultivation of crops for biofuels, and powering turbines to generate hydroelectricity.
Human societies will thus continue to search for new sources of water, but the cost of procuring water is a function of the combined cost of extraction, harvesting, transportation, treatment, storage, and delivery.
According to API's Doyle, contracts between host countries and extraction businesses sometimes prohibit disclosure of their payments, meaning that revealing extraction payments could get a country into hot water legally.
Environmentalists strongly oppose shale-gas extraction due to fears that fracking may contaminate water supplies, the oil-sands industry because it is energy-intensive and dirty, and deep-water drilling because of the risk of oil spills like last year's Gulf of Mexico disaster.
WSJ: Big Oil Companies Are Shifting Their Focus Back to the West
For BP Amoco's soft-spoken CEO, Sir John Browne, deep water offers the prospect of the largest untapped reserves and the lowest-cost means of extraction.
The Cotswold Water Park is made up of 150 lakes on the Gloucestershire and Wiltshire border which were created through gravel extraction.
Anyone considering the use of MIW for natural gas extraction activities has the potential to incur long-term liability because just the act of moving contaminated water gives you total responsibility for it in the future.
The Cotswold Water Park is on the Wiltshire-Gloucestershire border and is made up of 150 lakes which were created through gravel extraction.
应用推荐