Much of Dr Livingstone's work as a missionary and doctor was in what is now Malawi.

BBC: Events mark birth date of explorer Dr David Livingstone

They look at this as a form of missionary work to promote shariah and Islam.

CENTERFORSECURITYPOLICY: Center For Security Policy

It acknowledges the classical schools of Islamic thought and does not reject local traditions, seeing them as a form of dakwa, or missionary work.

ECONOMIST: Islam in Indonesia