通过钻孔，地质学家可以在不同深度测量。
By drilling, geologists can take measurements at various depths.
地质学家们已经研究了热量从地表流出的方式。
Geologists have studied the way that heat flows from the earth.
这是地质学家们很长一段时间以来的普遍看法。
That's been the conventional wisdom among geologists for quite some time.
地质学家们在知道撞击发生的地点之前就知道撞击发生过。
Geologists knew that there had been an impact before they knew where it had occurred.
一些地质学家认为，美洲将继续向西移动，最终与东亚合并。
Some geologists believe that the Americas will continue to move westward and eventually merge with East Asia.
对贝壳的同位素分析使得地质学家可以测量另一种冰川效应。
Isotopic analysis of shells allowed geologists to measure another glacial effect.
作为地质学家，我们研究地球表面的沉积层以估算过去地质时期的年代。
As geologists, we examine layers of sediment on the Earth' s surface to approximate the dates of past geologic time periods.
现在，我们地质学家自认为对美国西南部大峡谷的形成有了很好的认识。
Now, we geologists thought we had a pretty good idea of how the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States was formed.
到1990年，地质学家已经确定了撞击地点本身位于墨西哥尤卡特地区。
By 1990 geologists had located the impact site itself in the Yucat region of Mexico.
这封信是达尔文为感谢美国地质学家费迪南德·范德维耶·海登博士而写的。
The letter was written by Darwin to thank an American geologist, Dr. Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden.
因此，近年来，一些地质学家会利用板块构造理论来进行他们所谓的地质预测。
So, in recent years, some geologists have used plate tectonic theory to make what they call geopredictions.
一些地质学家想知道，是否可以用构成断层的岩石来解释没有摩擦产生的热量。
Some geologists wondered whether the absence of friction-generated heat could be explained by the kinds of rock composing the fault.
太空地质学家猜测这些陡坡是在几十亿年前当行星表面冷却收缩时开始形成的。
Astrogeologists suspect that these scarps having formed billions of years ago as the planet's surface cooled and shrank.
美国地质调查局的地质学家托马斯·鲍恩说，这是在古埃及发现的唯一一条铺好的路。
It is the only paved road discovered in ancient Egypt, said geologist Thomas Bown of the United States Geological Survey.
两位地质学家发现，约半数的来自大峡谷的沙子实际上曾经是阿巴拉契亚山脉的一部分。
Two geologists discovered that about half of the sand from the Grand Canyon was actually once part of the Appalachian Mountains.
它们与地球上的河流系统非常相似，地质学家认为它们是早已消失的河流留下的干涸的河床。
They bear a strong resemblance to river systems on Earth, and geologists think that they are dried-up beds of long-gone rivers.
通过与当地地质学家和工程师合作，专家们研究了当地土地的性质和最实用的建筑规范类型。
Working with local geologists and engineers, the experts have studied the nature of the ground and the type of most practical building code for the local area.
地质学家认为，这个具有流体化喷出物的陨石坑表明，在地表下几米深处有一层永久冻土层或水冰。
Geologists think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layer of permafrost, or water ice, lies just a few meters under the surface.
尽管乔利的计算有误，但其计算显然支持了那些坚持认为地球的年龄远远超过几百万年的地质学家。
Even though in error, Joly's calculations clearly supported those geologists who insisted on an age for Earth far in excess of a few million years.
詹姆斯·库克大学的海洋地质学家罗宾·比曼说，该保护区确实“广泛保护了海洋中的栖息地范围”。
Robin Beaman, a marine geologist at James Cook University, says that the reserve does "broadly protect the range of habitats" in the sea.
今天，大多数地质学家和历史学家认为，魏格纳的理论之所以遭到拒绝，是因为它缺乏足够的力学基础。
Most geologists and many historians today believe that Wegener's theory was rejected because of its lack of an adequate mechanical basis.
因此，地质学家们想知道，断层内部的加压水袋是否会使板块之间的摩擦力减小，从而使板块彼此远离。
Geologists therefore wondered whether the friction between the plates was being reduced by pockets of pressurized water within the fault that push the plates away from each other.
1965年以前，地质学家认为，两个巨大的岩石板块在圣安德烈亚斯断层上相遇，通过摩擦产生热量。
Prior to 1965 geologists assumed that the two giant rock plates meeting at the San Andreas Fault generate heat through friction as they grind past each otherd.
海洋火山岛和它们的热点轨迹对于地质学家尤其有用，因为它们记录了过去的板块在固定地点之上的位置。
The oceanic volcanic islands and their hot-spot trails are thus especially useful for geologists because they record the past locations of the plate over a fixed source.
对今天的大多数地质学家来说，韦格纳的《大陆和海洋的起源》是一份令人印象深刻的有先见之明的文件。
To most geologists today, Wegener's The origin of Continents and Oceans appears an impressive and prescient document.
在1960年之前，地质学家鲍温和赫斯在地球上是否存在产生富含镁的岩浆所需的高温这一问题上存在分歧。
Prior to 1960, geologists Bowen and Hess disagreed over whether or not the very high temperatures needed to produce magmas rich in magnesium could have existed on Earth.
地质学家杰拉德·邦德注意到，一些沉积物颗粒被氧化铁染色，这表明它们起源于冰川覆盖红砂岩露头的地方。
Geologist Gerard Bond noticed that some of the sediment grains were stained with iron oxide, evidence that they originated in locales where glaciers had overrun outcrops of red sandstone.
地质学家早就知道地球的地幔是不均匀的，但是它的空间排列仍然没有确定——地幔本质上是分层的还是完全不均匀的？
Geologists have long known that the Earth's mantle is heterogeneous, but its spatial arrangement remains unresolved—is the mantle essentially layered or irregu larly heterogeneous?
在20世纪后期，地质学家和海洋学家在研究海洋沉积物时发现了能够证明海洋变暖和变冷的化石，并修正了这一观点。
This idea was modified in the late twentieth century, when geologists and oceanographers examining oceanic sediment found fossil evidence of warming and cooling of the oceans.
19世纪晚期，在地质学家对这些冰川沉积进行定位的时候，他们意识到有好几个漂流层，位置较低的对应的是更早的冰川期。
As geologists mapped glacial deposits in the late nineteenth century, they became aware that there were several layers of drift, the lower ones corresponding to earlier ice ages.
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