The methods are as follows: spectrophotometry, turbidimetry, atomic absorption spectrometry, polarography, conductance, ion selective electrode, ion chromatography, and flow injection analysis etc.
包括：分光光度法、比浊法、原子吸收法、极谱法、电导法、离子选择电极法、离子色谱法和流动注射分析法等。
The methods are as follows: spectrophotometry, turbidimetry, atomic absorption spectrometry, polarography, conductance, ion selective electrode, ion chromatography, and flow injection analysis etc.
包括：分光光度法、比浊法、原子吸收法、极谱法、电导法、离子选择电极法、离子色谱法和流动注射分析法等。
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