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So, now with this framework, I said that talking about these valence electrons might give us some insight into chemical reactivity.
所以，现在对于这个结构，我认为讨论价电子能,会让我们对化学反应有更深的领悟。
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I can take an insulated box, and I can have a chemical reaction in that insulated box.
里面进行着化学反应,比如说把一个药店。
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This completely could change if you were to flip from one to the other conformation which can happen in chemical reactions.
在化学反应中,它们的形状,可以从一种折叠成另外一种。
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Hess' Law states that for any chemical reaction, the energy change is path independent.
盖斯定律表明，对于任意化学反应，能量变化并非是路径依赖的。
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When they do find the cell they're capable of interacting with the receptor forming some kind of chemical interaction with the receptor.
但当它们遇到细胞时,就能够与受体相互作用,与受体发生化学反应
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Another experiment would be to mix two chemicals together and put a thermometer in and measure the temperature.
比方说做这样一个试验,将两种化学试剂混合然后测定反应温度
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These are things that must be taken in from the environment because your body cannot manufacture them and they promote specific chemical reactions in the body.
这些都是必须从外界摄取的物质,因为无法通过自身合成,它们能促进体内特定的化学反应
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To ask questions like how much heat is released in a chemical reaction that takes place at constant temperature.
当我们想要知道,当一个化学反应在恒定的温度下发生时,会放出多少热量时。
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What does come out, which is very useful is, if you do run the reaction, here's how much heat comes out.
能得到的结果是，如果我们进行这个化学反应，有多少热量放出，当然这也是很重要的。
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It's much more relevant to set our zero point energy as the separation of a bond in terms of talking about the reactions that we'll usually be dealing with here.
更好的是把零点能定在,键断裂的时刻,在讨论化学反应的时候,而我们以后将经常遇到化学反应。
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In those cases, though, you'd have quite a reasonable equilibrium, spontaneously that is there would be a lot of reaction that went if you simply started under practical conditions and let it go.
你也会得到平衡，尽管在这种情况下你得到了一个,自发的，合理的平衡,这是在正常条件下进行的,许多化学反应的情况。
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In the biochemical reactions that are taking place in your body, there is equilibrium between a whole myriad of reactants and products, and thank heavens that gets maintained.
在我们身体内进行的,生物化学反应中，大量的反应物和产物,也是处于平衡状态，谢天谢地实际情况就是这样。
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If you take some from column one or two and you mix it with some from column eight and nine, bingo, you have reaction.
如果你从第一列或者第二列中选出一些元素,将其与第8列或者第9列的元素混合，好，就会发生化学反应。
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So we can think about something I mentioned last time, which is when we're thinking about chemistry and what's really interesting in terms of chemical reactions, it's mostly valence electrons we're talking about, those are the ones that tend to be involved in chemical reactions.
我们可以考虑一下我上次提到过的一件事，那就是如果我们讨论化学,以及什么是化学反应中,真正令人感兴趣的东西，我们讨论的几乎都是价电子，它们才是在化学反应中,真正起作用的部分。
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They'd like to be able to refer to each carbon separately so they can talk about reactions with this molecule, so they number the carbons.
为了在探讨这种大分子的,化学反应时能清楚地,表示每一个碳原子,人们对碳原子进行了编号
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Well, what do we know about extremes of chemical reactivity?
好吧，我们对化学反应的极限有那些了解呢？
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And I didn't specify the conditions, but if we were to do this under ordinary chemical conditions of some, you'd say room temperature and pressure, right, they all happen spontaneously.
我并没有特别说明反应条件，但是如果我们在通常的化学条件下,实现这些化学反应，比如在室温和大气压下下，他们都是自发的。
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So, that's kinetics -- how fast a reaction will go, and from the perspective of someone who's a biochemist, I'm interested in kinetics and enzyme kinetics, and thinking about molecules that catalyze reactions in the body.
所以这就是动力学，一个反应发生的有多快,从一个生物化学家的角度,我喜欢研究动力学,酶动力学。
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if we have a very electronegative atom within a certain molecule, what you'll actually find is that it does affect how the molecule is going to take place or take part in different chemical or biological reactions.
如果在某个分子中有一个电负性很高的原子，你会发现它确实会影响到,这个分子所起的作用,在不同的化学反应或者生物反应中时。
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So if we want to put that in chemical terms, we want to make sure we put these in brackets here, and remember, this is the resonance arrow, it's not a reaction arrow, it's a resonance arrow, so make sure you mark it up correctly like that.
那么如果我们把它类比到化学中来，我们要确保它们都放在括号里，而且要记住，这是一个表示共振态的箭头，而不是表示化学反应的，它是一个表示共振态的箭头，因此请务必像这样正确地标记它。
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Just to illustrate the kind of issues that we're up against here, let me just consider a few different chemical reactions, all of which happen spontaneously.
为了说明我们的观点,考虑一些，不同的化学反应，这些化学反应都是自发进行的。
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So here are some spontaneous chemical changes Here's one.
这有一些自发进行的化学反应,这一个。
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I'm an organic chemist, so I love carbon, it's one of my favorite atoms to talk about, but it would be nice to get to the point of bonding and even reactions to talk about all the exciting things we can think about once we're at that point.
我是个有机化学家，我喜欢碳原子，这是我最喜欢谈论的原子之一，但我更喜欢讲成键,甚至化学反应的概念,一旦到了这之后,我们就可以考虑各种激动人心的事情。
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I know it's possible to induce chemical reactions, but these are exceptions. This is not the norm.
我知道催化化学反应是可能的，但是那些是特例，不是常规情况。
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Most chemical changes, most physical changes don't happen in isolated systems.
但是大部分的化学反应,并不是发生在孤立系统中的。
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We know that at one extreme we have no chemical reactivity.
我们知道，在一端,完全没有化学反应。
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By cell/cell contact, I mean that there's a receptor in one cell that makes some kind of a chemical interaction with a receptor in another cell.
通过细胞之间的接触,我的意思是在一种细胞上的受体,能与另一细胞上的受体发生某种化学反应
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Because that's going to give clues as to reactivity.
因为这是化学反应的线索。
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There's a diverse range of responses that might occur, but that response is initiated by this simple chemical process of a ligand binding to a receptor.
细胞对外界信号可能会发生不同的反应,但这些反应都源自,配体和受体结合这个简单的化学过程
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So, then we go to thermodynamics and chemical equilibrium, and this is really about chemical reactions -- weather a reaction will go, will it be spontaneous, if there an equilibrium, what direction will the reaction be shifted in.
然后我们要讲到热力学和化学平衡,这都和化学反应有关，一个反应是否能发生,是不是能自发反应，如果存在化学平衡，它会朝什么方向移动。
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