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The Greeks were, even though they went to sea plenty, they were terrified of the sea for very good reason.
那时的古希腊人,虽然时常出海,但他们也是非常惧怕大海的
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Well, the Greeks had no concept of natural rights, or of rights that human beings were given by the gods.
当然,古希腊人没有自然权利,或者天赋人权的概念
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Bisection methods were known to the ancient Greeks, and it is believed by many, even to the Babylonians.
二分法由古希腊人所发明,我以前也说过，一直到17世纪二分法都被。
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They will compete with each other in the nude because that is the way Greeks exercised.
他们将,裸身竞赛,因那是古希腊人运动的方式。
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How would you have had the great Greek playwrights, they would argue, without the system, the world the Greeks were able to create with the Helots?
还有伟大的古希腊戏剧家是怎样来的,没有这个制度,希腊人怎能用奴隶创造昔日的繁荣
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So, what we're dealing here with is a situation where the ancient Greeks were very much into mathematics as a way of explaining the world and explaining music in particular And they thought these ratios were primary.
那么,我们现在要潜心琢磨,古希腊人热衷于,用数学来解释世界,尤其是音乐的这种情形,他们认为这些比例才是基础
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The Carthaginians, in fact, and the Greeks will have to fight the Carthaginians over the years for control of the island of Sicily.
实际上,迦太基人,而在接下来的历史里,为了争夺西西里岛,古希腊人与他们进行了长年的战争
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That's the very first place where there is a tradition of a Greek colony having been planted.
就是在那个地方,古希腊人历史上第一次建立了殖民地
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If we do that, the Greeks would have said, "That is stupid and absurd to think for ten seconds you'll realize that's no good."
如果我们这么做,那古希腊人会说,"那是一派胡言,你只要想个十秒钟就能明白这样没好处"
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So then there's the whole idea--we've already given you some sense that the Greeks were ancestor worshippers.
所以这就是当时的情况,我告诉过你们,古希腊人对祖先甚是尊敬
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A notion that the Greeks would have regarded as dangerously arrogant and certain to produce disaster.
这个主张被古希腊人当做,危险,骄横并会带来灾难的观点
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So nonetheless,the desire for a good commercial opportunity might well have been one of the elements that these people who were leaving their home cities sought.
但是,对于贸易机遇的渴望应该是,驱使古希腊人背井离乡的,一个重要因素
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There's a Greek in the fifth century who says the same thing.
一个五世纪的古希腊人就表达过同样观点
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Well, that leaves the Greeks with something like this question.
这就给古希腊人留下了这样一个命题
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Anyway, the Greeks had a name for this individual.
不管怎样,古希腊人对他们有个称呼
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The ancient Greeks had no soap.
古希腊人没有肥皂
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This is part of the arrogance that is characteristic of the Ancient Greeks, but at the same time, and right away at the beginning we're getting to such a very Greek thing, a Greek characteristic.
这部分体现了古希腊人的特点,傲慢,但与此同时——,我们现在就要谈到到一个非常希腊式的事情,一个希腊人的特点——
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Having learned, or having agreed, let's say, with my prejudice, which is that the Higher Naivete must reign -and if the Greeks said it happened, you got to believe it happened, until you have to believe that it didn't happen.
以我的成见,他已经达到或认同,"高级天真",如果古希腊人说确有其事,你要相信它确实发生,除非你不得不相信它其实并未发生过
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So it's that combination, archaeology plus Greek tradition that lies behind the date of any city.
这是个综合了考古学和不同城邦时期下,古希腊人的传统记载得出的
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According to this view, man is not merely the measure of all things as the Greek Sophist Protagoras had radically proclaimed in the fifth century.
根据这种观点,人不仅仅是衡量一切事物的标准,这是古希腊诡辩学家普罗塔哥拉,在公元五世纪提出的
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I suppose the most widely cited reason is simply the desire to acquire farmland.
大概最显而易见的原因就是,古希腊人需要更多的土地
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No human being is referred to as wanax in the period of historical Greece.
所以在古希腊,没有人可以称王
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I should say all of these dates that I will be giving you are some combination of Greek tradition-- and the Greeks dated these colonies very specifically.
所有我提供的这些时期,有一些参考了古希腊的传统记载,古希腊人对这些殖民地有很明确的记录
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The date that's sort of typical for the general phenomenon of colonization coming out of the mother cities of Greece is again that date we keep talking about, 750 roughly.
殖民,成为这一典型时期的普遍现象,古希腊人离开故土,开始了对外扩张,也就是我们一再提起的时期,大约在公元前750年
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If you were to follow the procedure, which the Greeks did not, of primogenitor,that is, of giving the whole plot to the eldest son, but what happens to the others?
你们也许会采用传统做法,但是古希腊人不会,他们会将耕地全部分给长子,但是其他人怎么过活呢
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But the Greek tragic view does not take either of these routes, which I regard as a relatively easy escape from the problem compared to the way the Greeks got stuck.
但希腊的悲剧意识对这两种套路都不接受,在我看,相对而言,与其困扰于此,古希腊人更愿意逃避这个问题
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Now, ask yourself this, especially if you're talking about Greeks, are they going to keep shelling out money for an oracle that gives them answers that turn out to be wrong? No.
现在想想这个,尤其说到古希腊人,为了得到神谕,他们会不停地破费,而这些神谕最后还是错的吗,当然不会
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They had very poor bows and arrows.
古希腊人的弓箭是非常落后的
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Now, there are Greek traditions that are taken seriously by the Greeks that suggest that kings ruled these cities from the beginning and they have lists of kings with their names, and sometimes with stories attached to them.
古希腊人有他们一些严格执行的传统,这些传统暗示这些城邦一开始就由国王统治的,他们甚至有国王的名字的列表,有时还有关于国王的传说
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How could you possibly settle there, because they settled Chalcedon first and the tradition that the Greeks pass on is the people who settle chalcedon were blind men, because you would have to be blind to make that choice.
他们怎么能建立在那个不毛之地呢,因为他们先前在卡尔西顿定居了,根据古希腊的传统记载,住在那里的人都是盲人,因为只有盲人才会去那个地方住
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