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There are hereditary principalities, like those currently run by Lorenzo, which acquire their authority through tradition and hereditary bloodlines.
第一种是世袭君权，像是由罗伦佐所掌管的候国，其威信的获得,来自传统与世袭血源。
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The Republic belongs to that period of Plato's work after his return to Athens, after the execution of Socrates.
理想国》即是柏拉图,在返回雅典后的作品之一，也就是在苏格拉底被处决之后。
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and when he lays out the ideal society in his view in the Republic, we find there are multiple rulers.
他在《理想国》一书中论述了心目中的,理想社会,我们从中能看出精英集团的存在
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And I think it made a marginal but real contribution to the possibility of normalization of relations there.
我觉得我们的贡献不大，但实实在在,帮助实现了两国的重新建交。
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If you're an oil rich country today, as long as that oil lasts, you got the world kind of at your knees.
如果你今天是富油国,并且能保持稳定的产油量,那整个世界都会匍匐在你的跟前
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This angelic laser begins slowly the gradual process in some kind of extraordinary science-fiction sort of way of transforming the virginal human body to the essence of the soul itself.
这天国的激光开始了这渐渐的过程,用一种很特别的科幻小说的方式,把人纯净的身体变成灵魂的精髓。
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But he thought that it should be channeled through state obligations, be there taxes or labor duties.
他认为为国尽忠就应该,通过缴税或者服劳役来履行国家义务
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They capture a range of ethnicities, different parts of the world, different national origins.
这些名字包括各个种族，来自世界各地，原国藉都不尽相同。
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Do you offer dates ? to the heads of state of the visiting country?
你是不是,向来访国元首提供日期？
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When Plato writes his Republic and devotes Book Ten, as I'm sure most of you know, to an argument in effect banishing the poets from the ideal republic, part of the argument is that poets are terrible imitators.
当柏拉图写《理想国》和《第十卷》的时候，你们肯定都听过这两部著作，他提出了一个一个论点，要把诗人从理想国中驱逐出境，他提到，诗人都是拙劣的仿造者。
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Blanc said the ideal society is based on the principle of, and now I quote, "From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs."
勃朗说理想国,应建立在这样的原则上，以下由我引用，各尽所能，按需分配“
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It would seem that far from utopia, the Republic represents a radical dystopia, a satire, in some sense, of the best polity.
这让《理想国》看起来远不像是乌托邦，反像是极端的反乌托邦，从某些层面看来像是在讽刺所谓最佳政体。
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Rousseau wrote in his Emile, "To get a good idea of public education," he says, "read Plato's Republic.
鲁索在《爱弥儿：论教育》中写到，“若要了解公共教育的全貌，就读柏拉图的《理想国》
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Muscovy had been one of the tributaries of the Mongols, who sacked Kiev in the 1230s, after pouring into Russia and what now is Ukraine.
俄国曾是蒙古的进贡国之一,1230年代,蒙古人洗劫了基辅,蒙古铁骑涌入俄国以及现在的乌克兰
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Why not? Well, they can't get data, there wasn't a stock market.
为什么呢,因为作者无法得到数据,两国没有股票市场
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Today I have the impossible task of finishing the parts of the Republic that I have assigned for the class.
今天我有个不可能的任务,完成《理想国》剩余的部份,依照我指定给同学的进度。
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The Republic asks us, what would a city be like if it were ruled by Socrates or someone like him?
理想国》要我们考虑，城邦的面貌,如果它是由苏格拉底或像他的人所统治？
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And, again, that seems to point back to Thrasymachus' point of view in the first book of the Republic.
这又把我们带回到,第一本书《理想国》中,特拉西马库斯的观点上。
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Plato's Republic is, we will discover as you read, it is a republic of a very special kind.
柏拉图的《理想国》各位在我们继续阅读中，自会发现是一种很特别的理想国。
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In one sense, the Republic, and I've given some indications of this today, seems to be the most anti-democratic book ever written.
从某方面看来，《理想国》,与我今天所谈到的一些迹象看来，似乎是有史以来,最反民主的书。
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We can say today that this university is a direct ancestor of the platonic republic of Plato's Academy.
我们可以说现今这间大学的直系原型,即是，“柏拉图学院“的,柏拉图式理想国。
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And this is where the two most important figures of the Republic begin to make their voices heard.
而这正是《理想国》书中,最重要的两名人物,开始发声的起点。
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It is easy to confuse, as many people have done, the Republic, with a recipe for tyranny.
这很容易令人困惑，很多人也真的被困住，拿着《理想国》作为专制的药方。
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If you don't believe me about this, maybe you will consider the words of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, one of the great readers of Plato's Republic.
如果你们不信，也许可以考虑,鲁索的话语，他是最重要的柏拉图《理想国》读者之一。
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The institutional and educational requirements of Plato's Republic share many features with a place like Yale.
柏拉图《理想国》的制度,与教育条件特色,有许多方面和耶鲁是共通的。
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The Holy Roman Empire, as it was known in the time of Machiavelli, was the successor to the ancient Roman state, the older Roman Empire.
神圣罗马帝国，是马奇亚维利那年代的称号，那是古罗马国的继承者，即较古老的罗马帝国。
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This is a point that is often lost in the Republic, that it is first of all a work on the reform of the soul.
这是在《理想国》中常被落掉的观点，即改革灵魂,为首要之事。
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And it is certainly a large theme of Plato's theory of justice in the Republic.
而这更是柏拉图在《理想国》中,关于正义的大主题。
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Polemarchus This is an argument that comes from Polemarchus in Book I of the Republic.
这是,在《理想国》第一册中的辩论。
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A famous professor at a distant university was said to have begun his lectures on the Republic by saying, " "Now we will consider Plato, the fascist."
一位在远地的著名教授据说曾,以下列句子,开始讲授《理想国》,“我们现在要来谈柏拉图，法西斯份子“
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