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Total quantity being produced is less than would be produced under perfect competition, but more than would be produced under monopoly.
此情况下的总产出,比完全竞争情况下的要少,但比垄断情况下的要大
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So from the point of view of the producers, this Cournot Equilibrium is worse than monopoly, but better than perfect competition.
从生产者的角度来看,古诺均衡劣于垄断,优于完全竞争
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This is not a perfectly competitive market, but if it were, that's where price is going to end up.
这个案例的情况不是完全竞争市场,但是如果是,这个就是最终的价格
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You're absolutely right, I don't want to be involved in this market if the other guy is selling below cost.
你完全正确,我不想参与这市场竞争,如果另外一家公司售价低于成本
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So this will be the monopoly quantity for Firm 2 and this is the competitive quantity of Firm 1.
这里表示公司2的垄断产出,这里是公司1的完全竞争产出
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So the amount of output produced by the industry was somewhere between the case that would be under monopoly and under perfect competition.
亦即是行业产量,在某种程度上是介于,在垄断和完全竞争两种情况之间
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So I claim that this total quantity being produced is less than the competitive quantity, but more in total than the monopoly quantity.
我说吧,这种情况下的总产出,比完全竞争产量要少,但比垄断产量要大
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The outcome we believe I think, is that imperfect competition should look something between monopoly and perfect competition, it shouldn't look like perfect competition.
这个可信的结果是,不完全竞争应该是介于,垄断和完全竞争之间,而不是与完全竞争相似
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The "but" is that there are other ways we could model imperfect competition, and, as we're going to see today, they yield different answers.
但是"是指,通过其它方式也能获得不完全竞争模型,并且,就像我们今天会看到的,它们会产生不同的结论
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So we have the monopoly quantity here, and we have the competitive here, and in between what does this best response curve look like?
这样我们就算出了垄断产出,还有完全竞争产出,二者之间的图线是什么样的呢
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If they're not at the competitive output they could undercut price and take the entire market.
如果他们不按照完全竞争产量生产,就可以通过降低价格来抢占市场
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But we'd like a model that yields an outcome that looks-- that when you only have two firms looks somewhere between monopoly and perfect competition.
但我们想要一个模型能带来这样的结果,即,当只有两家公司时,一个介乎于垄断和完全竞争之间的情形
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And from the point of view of the rest of us, the consumers, this Cournot quantity is worse than perfect competition but better than monopoly.
而从消费者的角度来看,古诺均衡劣于完全竞争,但优于垄断情况
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And they're higher than perfect competition, which of course, has zero profits in this case.
并且它比完全竞争条件下的利润高,这也是必然的,因为完全竞争下的利润为零
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They would be lower than the monopoly prices, but higher than the perfect competitive prices.
它们比垄断下的价格低,但比完全竞争下的价格高
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In a perfectly competitive market that's exactly where prices are going to end up.
在完全竞争市场中,这就是最终的市场价格
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I think most of us don't believe that two firms is enough to make it a perfect competition, that the regulator shouldn't worry about the third firm.
我想大多数人不相信两家公司,就足够产生完全竞争,不相信监控者不必调查第三家公司
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If you have imperfect competition, it's somewhere between perfect competition and no competition.
如果你们想得到不完全竞争的局面,它就在完全竞争和垄断之间
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How did it compare to the monopoly quantity and to the competitive quantity?
它和垄断产量以及,完全竞争产量相比有何不同
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One extreme case is perfect competition and the other extreme case is monopoly.
一个极端情况是完全竞争,另一个则是垄断
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And we did a third thing, which we tried to match this up to the economic intuition about monopoly, and perfect competition, and demand curves, and so on.
我们使用的第三个方法,我们尝试将它和,经济直觉联系起来,如垄断,完全竞争和需求曲线等等
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I'm going to go away from studying imperfect competition and go back and visit something we studied almost the first day or maybe the second day, and that election.
我将放下不完全竞争,而是返回去讲我们几乎是第一天,或者是第二天学习的一些内容,就是选举
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All right, so last time we started to study imperfect competition.
上一节课,我们开始学习不完全竞争
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How does this quantity compare and how do therefore the prices compare, and how do profits compare with monopoly prices on the one hand, and competitive prices on the other?
第一,该产量下的价格,产出,和垄断价格,产出相比有何不同,和完全竞争价格又有什么不同呢
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So everything that constitutes imperfect competition is a strategic setting.
也就是说,不完全竞争的情况,就是策略形势
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It was more than under monopoly, less than perfect competition.
它比在垄断下的产量高,比完全竞争下的产量低
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Consequently, prices are going to go the other way and consequently prices are going to be highest under monopoly, lowest on the competition, and somewhere in between in this Cournot situation.
相应的,价格则呈相反趋势,垄断情况下的价格最高,完全竞争情况下的价格最低,古诺均衡时价格处于两者之间
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So even though there's only two firms here, with price competition, identical products, we end up with an outcome that looks exactly like perfect competition, except for the fact there's only two firms.
尽管这里只有两家公司,进行某种产品的价格竞争,我们得到了,和完全竞争非常相似的结果,除了只有两家公司这个事实
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So, so far what we've done is we've looked at this sort of classic, I admit not the most exciting game in the world, but classic application of Game Theory to imperfect competition.
到现在为止我们只学了经典案例,我承认这不是什么有趣的博弈,只是博弈论在不完全竞争市场的应用
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Next time I'm actually going to take this a bit further but I'm going to leave this game behind and look at other ways in which we could study imperfect competition using Game Theory.
下一讲我们讲得会更深入一些,但下一讲我们不讲这个案例了,我们用其他博弈方法研究不完全竞争
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