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Has only half of the diploid chromosomal content that most of the cells, which are called somatic cells in our body have.
卵子中只含有我们机体一半的染色体,二倍体基因组中一半的染色体,这些二倍体细胞称为体细胞
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One copy of the chromosome comes from the egg and one copy of each chromosome comes from the sperm, so this you know about.
其中一条染色体来自卵子,另一条来自精子,这些你们都知道
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It separates those duplicated chromosomes to two sides of the cell, physically separates them, and the cell itself pinches off to form two new cells.
双倍化的染色体,被分别拉向细胞的两边,物理性的分离了,细胞本身中央凹陷形成两个新细胞
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You're not fishing through a whole chromosome in order to find what you want, but you're going to a cell that's already enriched in it.
你不是大海捞针地,在一整个染色体中找基因,而是在一个充满了,你感兴趣的基因的细胞里找
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They're not chromosomal differences because this is the ordinary process of mitosis.
它们的染色体没有任何变化,因为这是正常的有丝分裂过程
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What happens during mitosis is that the cell is able to separate this double set of chromosomes into two sets and that happens in a way that's shown in this cartoon here.
当细胞有丝分裂时,细胞将其分开形成两组染色体,如下图所示
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The result of fertilization now is a new cell that is the union of the sperm and the egg, and it's called the zygote and it contains the diploid number of chromosomes, genes.
受精就是产生,一个精卵结合的新细胞,称为受精卵,它含有二倍体的染色体基因
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This one cell, this one fertilized cell which is unique because it's the - its chromosome contains the combination of the sperm and the egg, develops into an embryo and then on birth develops into a human.
这个受精卵,是独一无二的,因为它的染色体,包含了精子和卵子的组合,并由此发育成为一个胚胎,之后形成一个人类个体
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They, in some cases, they integrate their DNA into the host chromosome, that's what retroviruses do and they make viral proteins.
有些情况下,病毒DNA会整合进宿主的染色体中,逆转录病毒就是这样做的,它们还制造病毒蛋白
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These molecules of DNA, very long molecules of DNA, are condensed and packaged within the nucleus of every cell in your body.
这些DNA分子是非常长的,它们通过折叠等方式压缩形成染色体后,被装配在你身体内的每一个细胞内
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You put this chromosomal DNA or this DNA that you're interested in, double stranded into a test tube.
你把这个染色体DNA,或者你感兴趣的双链的DNA,放进一个试管
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Now DNA that's produced this way is not called genomic DNA because this doesn't match the DNA in your genome, on your chromosomes,right?
现在造出来的这个DNA,不叫基因组DNA,因为这跟你基因组里的DNA不一样,跟你染色体上的基因不一样,对吧
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So before a cell enters mitosis it has to have synthesized its DNA so it has two copies of all of its chromosomes.
所以在进入有丝分裂之前,细胞必须先合成DNA,所以它含有两套染色体拷贝
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How could I identify in a chromosomal DNA sample whether the sickle gene is present?
那我该怎么确定某染色体DNA样本中,是否存在这种致病基因呢
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If I cut up just DNA from the chromosome, what's called genomic DNA, then I'm going to have both exons and introns within the fragments that I create.
如果我切割的恰好是染色体上的,基因组DNA,那我切成的片段上,就会同时有外显子和内含子
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If I took this same restriction enzyme and tried to cut the chromosomal DNA of a sickle patient, it wouldn't cut at that point because the wrong sequence is there.
而如果我用同样的限制酶,去切割病人的染色体DNA,那该酶是不会起作用的,因为基因序列不对
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Well I talked about it - earlier I've mentioned several times all the cells in my body, all the cells in your body have essentially the same genomic chromosomal DNA in their nucleus.
我之前有说过,我不只一次提到过,我体内的所有细胞,和你体内的所有细胞一样,核中的染色体基因组DNA本质上都相同
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One way I could try to find the gene for human insulin is to take any cells from any of us, skin cells let's say, and I could identify where on the chromosomal DNA that insulin is likely to occur.
我能找到胰岛素基因的一个方法,是从任意一个人身上任意取一些细胞,比如说皮肤细胞,并且我知道胰岛素基因,可能出现在染色体DNA的哪一部分
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A section of DNA that is responsible for encoding a gene, let's say it's the insulin gene for example, might be some stretch of DNA on a certain chromosome inside your cells, inside the cells of the pancreas.
一段编码蛋白的DNA序列,我们就拿编码胰岛素的基因来举个例子,它也许是一段DNA基因序列,位于你胰腺细胞里的,某条染色体上
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We're going to take a chromosomal DNA, we're going to digest it with this restriction enzyme, we're going to put it in this tube and run it on a gel, and we're going to see what results down here.
我们取一条染色体DNA,然后用限制酶进行分解,接着再放,在凝胶上进行电泳,之后看看结果如何
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There might be these, what are called epigenetic differences that I mentioned changes in the structure around DNA, and those changes lead to differences in which fraction of the total genes in the chromosomes are being expressed by a particular cell.
可能存在的差异,叫做表观遗传差异,我之前说过的DNA结构上的变化,而这些变化导致,在特定细胞中,染色体组的全部基因中,只有一部分表达出来
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Every cell in your body has exactly the same DNA; that is if I could stretch out all the DNA and look at the base pair sequence, the sequences of bases along all the DNA in your chromosomes, they'd be identical in all the cells.
身体内每一个细胞都有完全相同的DNA,如果我把整条DNA展开,然后检查其碱基对的顺序,你体内每个细胞中染色体上,DNA的碱基对顺序,都是完全相同的
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Certain segments of DNA are being converted into RNA, and whereas in replication, you have to copy the whole genome, the whole - all of the chromosomes, all of the DNA contained in the chromosomes of the cell in order to completely replicate it; transcription only works on particular sequences of DNA.
特定的DNA序列被转录为RNA,在复制的过程中,整条染色体都被复制,包括其中的全部DNA序列,都被分毫不差地复制下来,以保证复制的完整性,而转录过程只发生在特定的DNA序列上
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There could be differences in the physics of cell division, this process of separating into two cells such that even though they both have the same chromosomes, they both have the same DNA content, maybe one of the cells entraps something that's different than the other cells.
细胞分裂的过程中的确可能会产生差异,在分裂为两个细胞的过程中,尽管两个子细胞含有相同的染色体,含有相同的DNA组成,但也许其中一个细胞,截留了和其他细胞不同的物质
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