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So, I use the word colony because that's what we have for all such establishments of the kind we're talking about.
所以我之所以用殖民地这个词,是因为描述这种扩张行为我们只有这个词
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or any of the countries that used to be in the empire for exceedingly good charity work
或者来自曾经是英国殖民地的做出突出慈善事业的人，
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One of my favorite examples is the colony on the south shore of the Bosporus, which is called Chalcedon.
其中一个我很常举的例子就是,在博斯普鲁斯南部海岸的殖民地,叫做卡尔西顿
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Travelers from England and elsewhere, France, who would come to the American colonies and would travel throughout the colonies, would often comment on this, that somehow Southerners were different culturally, attitudinally, behaviorally.
那些从英格兰,法国或其他地方,来到美国殖民地,四处游历的旅行者们,常常会做出这样的评价,即南方人总是很特别,他们的文化,观念,行为均与众不同
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Actually the City of Corinth wouldn't have been taxed because it was a Roman colony, and one of the benefits of being a Roman colony is that you didn't have to pay taxes, or at least the citizens didn't have to pay taxes.
事实上科林斯城以前从不收税,因为它是罗马的殖民地，成为罗马殖民地的一个好处是,不必交税，或者至少公民不用付。
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This is also -I keep thinking how British we are; this is New England and this is the United States, a former British colony.
这也是...,我常想,我们真的很"英国",这里称为新英格兰地区,而美国过去也是英国的殖民地
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Smallpox affected world history hundreds of years ago, and it was a disease that was common in Europe, but not common in the Americas until the Americas were colonized.
天花影响了几个世纪前的历史,这种病在欧洲很常见,但在美国不多见,直到美国成为殖民地
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We know that the first colony that the Greeks established was in the Bay of Naples on the island of Ischia.
我们知道希腊建立的第一个殖民地,是在那不勒斯湾的伊斯基亚岛
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The question is who gave permission for a colony to go in the mother city.
你问的是,在母邦是谁批准建立殖民地的
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I should say all of these dates that I will be giving you are some combination of Greek tradition-- and the Greeks dated these colonies very specifically.
所有我提供的这些时期,有一些参考了古希腊的传统记载,古希腊人对这些殖民地有很明确的记录
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What is more typical, I think, is that he thinks, I would like to take and have found a colony on the southeastern coast of Sicily. Why?
比较常见的是,我觉得,他会说,我想要在西西里的东南海岸,建立一个殖民地,为什么呢
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He can't just say, I think I'd like to found a colony.
不能说,我想建立一个殖民地就行了
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Okay, what are these new settlements like?
那么这些殖民地到底是什么样的呢
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Carthage is a colony of Phoenician cities.
迦太基是腓尼基人的殖民地
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They would have had to be damn fools to have settled there without that being in their minds, although some of the places where they settled leave us puzzled, and have left the ancients puzzled.
如果不是这样的话,他们的脑子就是进水了,确实是有一些殖民地建立在不毛之地,这让我们和古人都很困惑
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Now, there are exceptions in both directions, and as it happens the cases I know best have to do with the city of Corinth sent out a lot of colonies, which is why we know something about their arrangements.
但是现在两方面都有特例存在,而且这特例就发生在我最为熟知的科林斯,科林斯建立了很多殖民地,因此我们现在能对它的安排有所了解
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There is an expansion of the Greek world already by the tenth century, and these folks are now settled down, so that some of these cities are in fact among the most important cities sending out colonies of their own.
希腊世界不停地扩展,一直到10世纪,那些逃亡者才安定下来,因此,这当中的,一些重要城市都拥有自己隶属的殖民地
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Before we get to that, I should say that the Greeks have already, before this period of the polis and the period of colonization which is connected with the rise of the polis, centuries before that the greeks had already spread out from their original settlements.
在我们深究此前,我得先说,在城邦时期和殖民地时期之前,即跟城邦兴起的两个关联时期,希腊人已在数百年前,从最初的家园往外移民
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This is not the case--well, before the British gave Hong Kong back, Hong Kong was a crown colony, it was British territory.
这和Apoikia不是一回事,例如英国归还香港之前,香港是英国的殖民地,是它的领土
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Somebody in one of the old Greek cities has to decide that he wants to go out and establish a colony.
在其中一个古希腊的城市中,突然有个人决定要建立一个殖民地
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Okay, so this gives you some idea of the range of possible relationships between colony and mother city.
好了,那么这就使你们,对殖民地与母邦之间的关系,有了一定的了解
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So you can see why it would be very natural for all sorts of ties to unite these colony and mother city.
因此你们就能理解,是什么把殖民地和母邦自然地联系在一起
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So that is not territory that you can build colonies; you've got powerful empires to deal with.
因此在那里,你要面临波斯帝国的强权,当然不适宜建立希腊殖民地
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That's the very first place where there is a tradition of a Greek colony having been planted.
就是在那个地方,古希腊人历史上第一次建立了殖民地
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Certainly things that have nothing to do with economics really there are politics going on in these states as there always are in any Greek polis.
就是那个和经济没什么关系的词,当时这些殖民地受政治影响,就像古希腊其他城市一样
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But here's how it worked--by the way, the word I have been using, colony is not a Greek word and really not appropriate for what the Greeks are up to.
大概是这样的,顺便说下,我说的殖民地,不是古希腊语,而且用于古希腊殖民不太贴切
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They established a colony somewhere in the 750's, and soon afterwards,there is a colony established on the east coast of Sicily at what we call Syracuse now, and a rash of others.
他们大约公元前七百五十年在那儿建立殖民地,紧接着,又在西西里岛的东部建立殖民地,那里我们现在叫做锡拉库扎,还有紧随其后大量其他的殖民地
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Okay, now where are these colonies?
好了,那么那些殖民地在哪里呢
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Sparta starts at an early point, sends out a colony to southern Italy at some time, probably early, they sent out a colony to an island in the Aegean Sea, Melos, and then they stopped and never sent out another colony.
斯巴达要早一些,某一时期在意大利南部建设过殖民地,也许更早的时候,曾在爱琴海上的岛屿米洛斯殖民,然后他们的殖民活动戛然而止,并从未再开始
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Colony is a Latin word ultimately for colonia and the Roman colonies were, first of all,garrisons that they planted in land they had conquered to keep the people quiet.
殖民地是拉丁词Colony的衍生,对于古罗马的殖民地来说,首先,派兵驻守占领的城市,震慑当地民众
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