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So by using the tabulated data, we can really determined heats of formation for most reactions that you might contemplate, OK?
所以，使用这些表格,我们就能确定大多数,你可能碰到的反应的生成热？
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I mean, the weather is always nice. I mean, it never gets too cold, never gets too hot.
天气一直很好。不会太冷，也不会太热。
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You could run the reaction, take solid iron gaseous oxygen, form iron oxide, measure the heat of formation of it, tabulate it.
你可以进行一个反应,用固态铁和氧气生成氧化铁，测量它的生成热，列成表格。
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So again, hot and cold. And in many ways, Moses sets the paradigm for the classical prophet.
所以又一次，一冷一热，在许多方面，摩西为先知塑造了一个良好的典范。
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I got about a one-minute warm-up here, ladies and gentlemen, and we've got Lynda Paul who's like a Vegas show act. Okay?
这个热场活动很短,大概只有一分钟,由琳达·保罗进行拉斯维加斯那样的演出
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So one very simple study by Spelke and Baillargeon: Have babies shown a block with a bar going back and forth like that.
斯皮克和巴亚热昂做了一个简单的研究,向婴儿呈现一个木块,木块中间有一个能够来回移动的木杆,就像这个样子
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and may come again like, towards like the end of August, it gets quite hot
可能热浪会再次来袭，一直到八月底，那会相当热，
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I'm from Houston, so it's just hot and hotter. These are the two seasons there.
我来自休斯顿，那儿只有热和更热这两个季节。
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I got on that hot road and off I went in a brand-new car driven by a Denver businessman of about 35.
我又上路了，外面天气很热,我上了一辆崭新的汽车，开车的丹佛商人看上去才36岁。
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You're about to drink it, right, because you're thirsty, it's a hot day, you love milkshakes.
你正要喝奶昔，对吧，因为你很渴，天很热，你喜欢喝奶昔。
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In fact, the water at the bottom of the waterfall is hotter than the water at the top of the waterfall.
实际上，瀑布底部的水,的确比顶部的水要热。
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But it's a good story, Joule decided that there must be a direct relationship between work and heat.
所以说，这只是一个不错的故事而已，焦耳认为功和热之间,一定具有某种直接的联系。
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And in practical terms, we can define the efficiency as the ratio of the heat in to the work out.
在实际中，我们定义,效率为热与功的比值。
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Other studies, some of them-- Well, here's another study by Rene Baillargeon looking at the same thing in a different way.
还有些其他的研究,这是勒奈·巴亚热昂所进行的另一项研究,通过不同的方式去观察同一个物体
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And that was the water at the bottom of the waterfall is probably going to be hotter than the water at the top of the waterfall.
瀑布底部的水,或许比顶部,的水更热。
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What I really want to do is just give an example of what happens when you throw the thing, the material into a calorimeter and see how much the temperature changes.
我想做的是给出当,你把这些东西，这些材料扔进，量热计时会发生什么,看看温度会变化多少。
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I didn't even need to know that heat capacity of the product, right. Because it's effect the thermal mass of the product is negligible compared to the thermal mass of the calorimeter.
我甚至不需要知道生成物的,热容是多少，因为生成物的,热质量的作用相比于,量热计的热质量是可以忽略的。
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So we're just subtracting, in effect, zero, right, from the enthalpy of the product, but of course it's important have that established because the heat of formation is something you could measure, right?
所以从效果上说，我们只是，从生成物的焓中减去了零，但，是确立这一点很重要,因为生成热是,你能测量的东西，对吧？
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So we don't really need to put in a certain amount of heat and change the temperature of the products and the calorimeter and so on.
所以我们实际上并不需要输入,一定的热量，改变生成物,和量热计的温度之类。
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You do it so quickly that the heat flow between the inside of the bicycle pump and the outside is too slow compared to the speed at which you compress.
我们用力很大,于是压缩得很快,打气筒内外热传递的速度,与之相比要慢得多。
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The same temperature increase, work and heat, and we have a relationship between heat and work.
同样的温度升高，功和热，因此我们可以得到功和热的关系了。
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Now, I know how to relate the heat flow to temperature change, through the heat capacity.
现在我知道怎样把能量的流动,和温度的变化联系起来，通过热容。
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So I need to find out the heats of formation of the iron oxide and the water.
所以我需要找出氧化铁和,水的生成热，如果我这么做了。
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So if I worry about energy I have a pretty good chance of extracting out these heat capacities, right, and I don't have to worry about exactly which path and I can really mix things up.
而能量与热容有密切的关系,从能量就可以就算出这两个热容，我不需要考虑到底是哪一条路径,可以随意计算。
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This one turns out to be the heat capacity, and this one turns out to be something that we measure in the Joule-free expansion.
其实，这就是热容，这是焦耳自由膨胀实验中,我们要测量的物理量。
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So delta u of reaction is approximately equal T to negative Cv for the calorimeter times delta T.
所以反应的ΔU近似等于,负的量热计的Cv乘以Δ
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There's no heat flowing from the environment to the system. I have to define my terms.
系统与外界间,并没有热传递发生。
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You know the heat isn't going to flow from a cold body to a hot body without putting some work in to make that happen.
大家知道热量不会自发地,从冷的物理流动到热的物理,除非对它做功。
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When something hot, it's got a higher temperature than when something is cold.
当某样东西是热的时，它的温度,比冷的东西要高。
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We have discovered that this partial derivative that appears in the definition, the abstract definition of the differential for internal energy, is just equal to the constant volume heat capacity.
我们还发现,这个偏微分出现在了，内能的偏微分,定义式中，它也就是热容。
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