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The idea is that people don't see this basic risk management problem and they see things in entirely different terms.
该思想的关键在与人们并没有看到,其中本质的基本风险管理问题,而是站在完全不同的角度去看问题。
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If you go to look at congressional discussion of tax rates, you won't see risk management mentioned very often.
如果你看过国会有关税率的讨论，就会发现“风险管理“出现的频率并不高。
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We have a good system in taxes, but it's imperfect because it hasn't been thought out thoroughly in terms of risk management.
我们有很好的税收制度，但它并不完善,因为它并非完全从风险管理的角度,经过考量而得出的。
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Every risk management device relies on a design and the design is usually complex and has-- it all has to work together.
每种风险管理工具都是基于某种设计,而这种设计通常都是很复杂的,需要各部分相互之间的配合
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I stressed in the third lecture that like any--insurance, like any other risk management device, is an invention.
在第三次课上我已经强调过了,保险和其它风险管理工具一样,是一种发明
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Moral hazard occurs when a risk management institution incentivizes you to do bad behavior-- to show bad behavior.
道德风险产生于,风险管理机构怂恿人们,采用有悖于道德与人性手段。
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We can't just smash things and start all over, we have to design a system of risk management.
而不是简单地打破一切再重新来过，我们应当设计一个好的风险管理体系。
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The thing that's really doing the heavy hitting on risk management is really the tax and welfare system.
而税收和福利制度能真正有效地,实现风险管理。
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Basel 1988 was an effort to make sophisticated risk management requirements for banks that relied on more modern, as of 1988, financial theory.
988年的巴塞尔协议就是致力于,在当时最新的金融理论基础之上,建立成熟完善的银行风险管理制度
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But, because of the logic of risk management we have to make a deal with them; so, it becomes more formal and impersonal.
但是，基于风险管理的逻辑,我们必须和他们达成协议;,使分摊正规化而不受主观情绪的影响。
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What Harsanyi and Rawls both gave us was a system of justice that, in my mind, conveys a sense of financial risk management.
在我看来，海萨尼和罗尔斯向我们阐述的,是一种公正机制，融合了金融风险管理意识。
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I want to talk about Social Security as a risk management technique that developed in the nineteenth century and it developed in Germany.
我想谈谈社会保障,作为19世纪出现的,一种风险管理技巧,它最早出现在德国。
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The other thing that I want to talk about-- and I guess I'm running out of time-- was about management of disaster risks.
还有一件事,我要说说...,我想我可能快没时间了,我要说的是灾难风险管理
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But they have to try to let people manage their own risks for themselves, to some extent.
某种程度上来说，我们不得不,让人们自己管理自己的风险。
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.. So, we have to frame things as-- put things in the mental categories-- presentation matters-- so that people can manage their risks right.
因此由于框架效应-,我们会把事物按照心理类别分类-,所以得注意使用正确的表述方式-,以便去恰当的进行风险管理。
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They seem to talk about it in their own terms, which to a public finance expert is, I don't know, very populist or unprofessional.
他们似乎在用各自的术语表达“风险管理，这也许对于一个财政专家来说，听起来很平民化或者很不专业。
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.. He said that we should think of-- When we think about distributional justice we can think of it as a risk management problem.
他说我们应该考虑这种做法-,在思考分配的公平问题时,可以把它看作一个风险管理的问题。
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I call it the universal principle of risk management pooling and the hedging of risk.
我称之为,风险管理的普遍原则,风险汇聚和风险对冲
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Because the financial risk management system that we have is imperfect, we aren't there yet.
因为我们的金融风险管理体系,存在缺陷，还并不完善。
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Oil is very important to the Russian economy and are they managing the risk well?
石油是俄罗斯经济的支柱,不过他们在风险管理上做得如何呢？
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I want to go over the history of risk management and through these three themes.
我要讲讲风险管理的历史,以及这三个主题。
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We're not going to do that in a Robin Hood way, but in finance we're going to do that in a systematic way through risk management.
我们不能像罗宾汉那样来达到那样的目的,但在金融领域,我们将通过,系统的风险管理来实现
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Anyway, I want then to move on to the topic of today's lecture, Insurance is the other side of the risk management institutions that we have.
下面开始今天这节课的主题,保险是我们现有的另一种,风险管理制度
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I want to mention a couple other philosophers who talk about risk management.
我想再提几位学者,他们也探讨过风险管理的问题。
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These are efforts to solve the moral hazard problem and to manage risks.
这些都是为了解决道德风险问题,和进行风险管理。
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.. I think of both of these as incorporating-- I would, especially with Harsanyi, but also with Rawls-- as incorporating some idea of risk management into our basic philosophy.
这两者都-,我想。。。特别是海萨尼，当然罗尔斯也是-,这两人将风险管理的理念,引入到我们的基本哲学思维中。
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The socialist idea started to lead to a number of experiments in various countries around the world that were pooling risks-- they might not have put it this way.
这种社会主义设想,引发了全世界很多国家,在风险管理上的改制与试行-,他们可能没用“社会主义“这一叫法。
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They're both based on risk management and pooling of risks.
他们都是基于风险管理与风险汇聚
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I still want to start with some theory and I thought that--well I will--I plan to start by talking about the most basic concepts of risk management, which underlie finance.
课程开始的时候会涉及一些理论,我认为这些理论,是风险管理最基本的概念,也是金融学中最基础的概念
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