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"The book is Darwin's Universe: Evolution from A to Z, and it is a life's work,"
VOA: standard.2009.11.25
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So we're going to feel a higher z effective in the case of the ion compared to the neutral atom.
因此，我们在离子中,会比在中性原子中感受到更高的有效核电量。
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So what we're going to see is less shielding, which means that it will actually feel a higher z effective.
那么我们将会看到更少的屏蔽，这意味着将会感受到更大的有效核电量。
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The power of linearity is F=k1+k2 if I come across f of x, y, z equals k1 plus k2, if it is a linear equation, I don't have to go and solve it all over again.
线性的威力是,一个方程，如果它是个线性方程，那么我就不用再去解他了。
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That statement says, get the value of x, which is this link, and give z a pointer to the same place.
这个声明的意思是，取得x的值，也就是连接指向的值，然后给z赋予一个指向同样位置的指针。
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If z is greater than 1, then the real gas means that the atoms and molecules in the real gas are repelling each other and wants to have a bigger volume.
如果Z大于,说明实际气体的分子间斥力较强,体积比理想气体要大,我们可以查表找到。
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Z So it would be incorrect to try to assign this to a variable X or Y or Z, because it doesn't actually give me anything back.
这个是错误的，来赋值这个给变量X或Y或,因为它的确没有返回什么给我。
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And if we experimentally know z what the ionization energy is, we actually have a way to find out what the z effective will be equal to.
我们实际上就有了一个办法,去找出有效的，等于多少,我们可以使用这里的方程。
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If we have a higher z effective, it's pulled in tighter, we have to put in more energy in order to eject an electron, so it turns out that that's why case 2 is actually the lowest energy that we need to put in.
而如果有效核电量更高，原子核的束缚也就更紧，我们不得不输入更多的能量来打出一个电子，这就是第二种情况,所需要输入的,能量更少的原因。
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So our minimum that we're going to see is that the smallest we can have for a z effective 1 is going to be equal to 1.
所以我们能够看到的,最小的有效电荷量,等于。
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They're less shielded because they're closer to the nucleus, they feel a greater z effective.
它们受到少的屏蔽,因为它们离原子核更近，它们感觉到一个更大的有效电荷量。
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So, how many distinct, so again, we're talking about distinct kinetic energies, a spectrum for the element hafnium, 72 and I'll tell you here that it has a z of 72, so you don't have to spend two minutes searching your periodic table.
好，有多少分立的……还是一样，我们讨论的还是不同的动能，铪元素的光谱中出现，而且我来告诉大家铪的原子序数是，这样你就不用因为在元素周期表中找它,而花费两分钟的时间了。
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So, why don't you take a look at this and tell me which are possible for a 2 s electron in a lithium atom where z 3 is going to be equal to three?
你们为什么不看一下这个然后告诉我对,于一个锂原子中的2s电子哪些是可能,的？它的有效电荷量,可能等于？
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It adds x to y and stores it into z. But if someone wants to be a even a little more snarky, what does this program do?
它把x加上y，再把结果存到z中，但是如果有人,想要做的有点不合常理点呢，那这个程序会做什么？
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But what you should be able to do is take a look at a list of answers for what we're saying z effective might be, and determining which ones are possible versus which ones are not possible.
但是你们应该能够做到的,是看一下这个可能的,有效电荷量的答案列表，并且确定哪些是可能的,哪些是不可能的。
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Not only are we taking away an electron here, but we're also going to decrease shielding, so the electrons that are already in there are going to feel a higher z effective and will be pulling and the atom will be getting smaller.
这不只是因为我们拿走了一个电子，还因为我们这样做会减小屏蔽效应，这样留下的电子,将会感受到更大的有效核电量,也就会感受到更强的吸引力，使得原子变得更小。
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Now, unlike high school math or in algebra Z where you call things X and Y and Z, in programming, in computer science, you're actually dealing with humans where it's useful to have a variable name that's more descriptive than X and Y and Z.
不像高中数学或者代数中,称为X和Y和，在程序设计和计算机科学里，你实际上是在和人打交道,在这里有个描述性比xyz更强的,变量名称是很重要的。
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I'm binding a z to be some value, and then I'm going to run this.
我把z绑定到一个值上，然后运行下代码。
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We go to n equals two for a fixed value of Z.
我们对于一个给定的Z值，让n等于。
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So we should be able to calculate a z effective for any atom that we want to talk about, as long as we know what that ionization energy is.
我们应该可以计算出任何一个,我们想要谈论的原子的有效电荷量，只要我们知道电离能是多少。
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So it's OK to not specify. I want to point out, pz whether you're in the p x, the p y, or the p z, unless a question specifically m asks you to specify the m sub l, which occasionally will happen, but if it doesn't happen you just write it like this.
我想指出的是，无论你在px，py或，除非一个问题特别地,让你指出l下面的，这种情况有时会发生，这样就可以了,但是如果它不做要求你们写成。
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