There's a second figure here standing ab extra, and that's the moon hovering overhead: "while over-head the Moon / sits Arbitress."

这里有第二个置身事外的角色，就是高高挂在空中的月亮：,“月亮高挂天心，像个公正的决断人“

耶鲁公开课 - 弥尔顿课程节选

First we have the "Pilot of some small night-founder'd Skiff," and the pilot stands ab extra, from outside, in the simile.

首先我们有这句“迷茫深夜中，轻舟的导航人“,并且这个导航人在明喻中，体现为从诗句之外向内眺望。

耶鲁公开课 - 弥尔顿课程节选

Hartman describes Milton's tendency in Paradise Lost, and he takes this term from Coleridge: the tendency to stand ab extra, to stand from outside.

哈特曼描述了弥尔顿在中的写作趋向，并且从柯勒律治那里借用了这个习语：,由外而内俯视自身的趋势。

耶鲁公开课 - 弥尔顿课程节选

Hartman associates this image of Milton's standing ab extra with the figures in so many of those similes who seem also to be standing ab extra.

哈特曼把弥尔顿从外俯视的形象,和他众多的明喻中似乎也置身局外的形象,相联系进行思考。

耶鲁公开课 - 弥尔顿课程节选

What does this observer ab extra represent?

这里置身局外的观察人代表了什么？

耶鲁公开课 - 弥尔顿课程节选

In each of these cases the figure who stands ab extra, from outside, is an observer, an observer looking in and interpreting the action before him and an observer in a position presumably to make some kind of moral judgment on the action taking place.

在每个例证中，处在明喻本身之外的人，都是一个观察者，一个,向内展望并且解说他眼前的进展的观察人,一个似乎是要对发生的事情作出某些道德评论的观察人。

耶鲁公开课 - 弥尔顿课程节选