You have to be able to get the DNA into the cell, it has to be incorporated into a vector of some sort, and the vector has to be compatible with the species and the cells that you've provided the DNA to.

你必须把整合在,某种特定载体上的DNA导入细胞,载体也必须和,受体物种,及细胞匹配

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选