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Steven Russell, director of Massachusetts General Hospital's Diabetes Unit and co-author of the study, the next step is for researchers to develop a portable system about the size of a cellular telephone.
VOA: standard.2010.04.15
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And again, there'll be key elements that run in cycles and understanding those can be extremely important in understanding how cellular function works.
同样地，在循环中也会有,一些关键的要素,研究这些对于理解细胞的,运作机制是极其重要的。
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And then when we got to more of a cellular level, that we could actually understand how our body worked as low of a level as thinking about cells.
肺怎么工作，我们到了细胞的层面上研究问题,从细胞的角度理解给我们身体,怎么工作就更加有趣了。
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Working at the leading edge of research on cellular biology and genetic skin disorders, Fuchs was the first to precisely describe keratins - the principal structural proteins of skin cells - and identify diseases caused by mutations in the keratin gene.
VOA: standard.2010.03.29
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In fact, of all the systems of cellular differentiation that are known in our bodies, probably hematopoiesis is the best known.
事实上,我们体内已知的,所有由细胞分化成的系统中,造血系统也许是最为人所熟知的
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At the Chicago White Sox U.S.Cellular Field on Chicago's South Side, the 30-year-old pitcher retired all 27 batters from the Tampa Bay Devil Rays without allowing anyone to reach first base, pitching a perfect game and putting his name in a record book occupied by only 17 others in Major League history.
VOA: standard.2009.07.24
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I want to look at a slightly higher level of magnification now and think about different kinds of cellular communication.
我现在想讲一些较高水平的放大机制,并思考不同种类的细胞通讯
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What insulin is doing inside your body is acting as a ligand for insulin receptors which stimulate certain kinds of cellular responses.
胰岛素在体内的功能就是作为,胰岛素受体的配体,刺激产生某种细胞效应
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I want to finish with that and then start on the topic for this week which is an introduction to cellular physiology.
我想先讲完这些后,再开始本周的话题,来介绍一下细胞生理学的内容
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That's one way of thinking why animal cells have cells from animals and humans have sub-cellular compartments.
这就不难想见,为什么动物细胞,包括,人类细胞有亚细胞结构区域了
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We talk about cells as being kind of the fundamental unit of humans and other multi-cellular organisms.
我们某种意义上把细胞视为,人体和其它多细胞生物的基本单位
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Where your cells experience those states is through these extra cellular ligands called insulin and glucagon.
细胞所经历的这些状态改变是受,胰岛素和胰高血糖素这些外源配体影响
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Well, because it takes some time for these cellular events that I mentioned earlier to happen.
因为我之前提及的细胞活动,需要一些时间完成
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One kind of cellular communication occurs by similar mechanisms to what we were talking about.
细胞通讯中的一种,与我刚才讲过的信号转导的机制相似
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It does that through a complex set of sort of cellular interactions, and it turns out also gene rearrangements if you go further to study that.
而这此过程中,发生了一系列复杂的细胞间的相互作用,也会涉及到基因重排,如果你们深入学习的话就会学到
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During development of the embryo it goes from being a single cell, the fertilized egg, to being a multi-cellular organism with billions of cells in it.
胚胎的发育,始于一个单一细胞,即受精卵,直到形成一个以十亿计数量的细胞构成的,多细胞有机体
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Well, what if this division takes place in an environment where there's one kind of extra cellular matrix here and another kind of extracellular matrix here?
那如果在细胞分裂的过程中,两个子细胞的细胞外基质不同,会对它们产生什么影响
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It's time for you to reproduce', and so the cellular response would be mitosis.
该是复制的时候了",细胞就开始进行有丝分裂
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We talked about last time that part of the process of going from this single cell to multi cellular many celled organisms like we are is cell division.
我们上节课说过,从一个单细胞分裂形成大量细胞,构成的器官的过程,叫做细胞分裂
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We can even understand it on a molecular or cellular level now.
如今我们已经能从,分子和细胞水平对机体进行研究
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There's a couple of features of cellular physiology which are shown here.
这里展示了,一些细胞生理学的要点
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It could be that that signal is 'you need more glucose', and so the cellular response is to create more glucose transporters to bring more glucose into the cell.
这信号还可能是,"需要更多葡萄糖",细胞的反馈就是,产生更多的葡萄糖载体,将更多的糖分子输送进细胞
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The digestive system, of course, is responsible for bringing in sort of fresh nutrients, fresh substrates for cellular metabolism, fresh quantities of amino acids, and nucleotides, and the things that we can't generate internally.
当然,还有消化系统,它主要负责将各种新鲜营养物摄入体内,为细胞代谢提供新的底物,如一批新的氨基酸,核苷酸,以及那些人体无法自行合成的东西
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We'll talk a little bit about the principles of cellular physiology and then I'll move next time to talking about how you culture cells outside of the body and what that's useful for.
这节课我们讲一些,细胞生理学的一些原理,下节课具体讲,体外培养细胞的方法,及其用途
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Ok, today we're going to continue our discussion of cellular principles and lead into cell culture technology which will be the subject of the section meeting this afternoon, so just to remind you about the sections.
今天我们继续讨论细胞学原理,之后再引申到细胞培养技术,这也是我们今天下午分组讨论会的主题,顺便提醒一句,下午有组会
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I'm not going to talk about them in detail but please look at that to remind yourself of those kinds of specialized sub-cellular units which are present in cells in humans but not present in bacteria.
我就不再赘述了,不过请你们看看书,回忆一下哪些特化的亚细胞结构单元,是人类细胞有,而细菌没有的
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Usually the cellular means that they get rid of is that instead of an antibody being produced, you activate a population of cells that will specifically go and hunt down the foreign antigen, or more commonly, cells that contain the foreign antigen.
通常细胞免疫意味着,不用生成抗体就能清除抗原,你激活了一个细胞类群,这一类群能够,并杀伤外源抗原,或者更常见的是,杀伤含有外源抗原的细胞
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Here, I've just picked a couple of the pictures that I showed you last time when we were talking about cell communication in the immune system, What happens after the vaccine is introduced into your body is that it initiates cellular events.
我挑选了,我上次给你们展示的几幅图片,当我们讨论到,免疫系统中的细胞沟通时,讲到过当人体接种疫苗之后,能够触发,细胞活动
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The other part of the adaptive immune system is the cell mediated immune system and this is an immune where that doesn't involve antibodies but involves cells that are activated in response to a foreign antigen and that utilize cellular means to get rid of it.
获得性免疫系统还包括,细胞免疫,这一免疫反应不包含抗体,但包含可以被激活来应答,并清除外源抗原的免疫细胞
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Dicer is an internal cellular mechanism for degrading RNA's.
icer是细胞降解RNA的内在机制
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