OK, so here is just an engine like what we've already seen, and I'm going to specify that this is a Carnot engine which is to say all the results that we just derived hold for this case.

这一个热机,跟我们以前见过的差不多，我们把它确定为,卡诺热机,所以我们之前得到的结果都对它适用。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

So it's going to be the case for any irreversible engine.

这对所有不可逆热机都成立。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

So you know, what the second law is doing, in other words, it's putting these restrictions on how well or how effectively we can convert heat into work in the case of the engine, or work into heat extracted in the case of a refrigerator.

你们知道，在热机中，热力学第二定律的作用，换句话说，就是给热量,转化为功的效率,施加限制,或在制冷剂中，对抽取热量,进行限制。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选