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So, if we hybridize just these three orbitals, what we're going to end up with is our s p 2 hybrid orbitals.
我们会看到现在有3个未配对的电子，可以成键。
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If I now hybridize these, if I take these and I make four symmetric, now, these are just the sp3 orbitals.
如果我将他们杂化，然后形成4个对称的轨道，这就是sp3轨道。
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The best way to label this DNA is by designing probes or labels that hybridize with specific sequences that you're interested in.
最好的标记方法是,设计出能与你感兴趣的,特定基因序列杂交的,分子探针或标签
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Remember, we didn't hybridize the 2 p y orbital, so that's what we have left over to form these pi bonds.
记住，我们并没有杂化2py轨道，这是我们剩下的那个行成了π键。
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They would naturally hybridize and form a duplex, or a double stranded nucleic acid.
它们会自然杂交并形成双螺旋,或者说双链核酸
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The one that does is called the sense strand and the other one is called the anti-sense strand, anti meaning it's the compliment and it will hybridize to the sense.
能够进行编码的一条链叫做正义链,另一条则叫做反义链,反义的意思是它与正义链互补,并能够与之杂交
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s -- we don't have to hybridize it, it already has only one unpaired electron in a 1 s orbital.
s-我们不用杂化它，它已经有而且仅有一个未配对电子在s轨道里。
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So if we go ahead and hybridize our p orbitals and our s orbitals, we'll switch from having these original orbitals to having something called hybrid orbitals.
如果我们,杂化p轨道和s轨道，我们会从原来的轨道,变成一个叫杂化轨道的东西。
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We got them from combining again, 1 s orbital and the 3 p orbitals. If we hybridize these, what we end up seeing are these four hybrid orbitals.
我们把1s轨道，和3p轨道结合而得到它们，如果我们杂化它们，我们最后会看到4个杂化轨道。
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We can still hybridize all these orbitals, however, so we can still form four hybrid orbitals, which are again, 2 s p 3 hybrid orbitals.
但我们仍然可以杂化这些轨道，所以我们还是可以形成4个杂化轨道，同样的，是2sp3杂化轨道。
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And again, you might be thinking well, why didn't we actually hybridize this 2 p y orbital.
它来自1s和2p轨道，所以它是sp2，同样。
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And if we hybridize these orbitals in carbon, what we end up with is having two hybrid orbitals, and then we're going to be left with two of our p orbitals that are each going to have an electron associated in them.
如果我们杂化碳原子里这些轨道，我们能得到两个杂化轨道，另外剩下两个p轨道,每个里面有一个电子。
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So if we don't have to hybridize one of the p orbitals, we can actually end up with a lower energy situation, because now these s p 2 orbitals are 1/3 s character, and only 2/3 p character, instead of 3/4.
我们的杂化轨道就有更多的p轨道成分，所以它们的能量更高，如果我们不杂化这个p轨道，我们可以得到一个能量更低的情况。
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Now if I put them in contact with one another, the plasmid that's been opened and fragments of the DNA - special fragments that I've produced with the same restriction enzyme, they'll have the same sticky ends, they will naturally hybridize with one another.
如果我让它们互相接触,已经切开的质粒和DNA片段--,这DNA片段是我已用同种限制性内切酶,处理过的特别片段,这两者会有相同的粘性末端,它们会自然地相互杂交
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