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And specifically, when we talk about ionization energy, it's assumed that what we mean is actually the first ionization energy.
特别地，当我们讨论电离能的时候，我们默认,这指的是第一电离能。
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So let's address this by considering another example, which should clarify what the difference is between these ionization energies.
让我们用另外一个例子来讲一讲这个问题，这应该能够说清楚,各个电离能之间的区别。
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Well, if we look on the chart, the first ionization energy is what is reported in your Periodic Table.
如果我们查阅图表，一级电离能,已经在元素周期表上标示了。
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So I've sort of just spread out what we have as the second row here, graphed against the ionization energy.
所以我将第二行的情况,在这里展了，纵坐标是电离能。
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Yup. So it's just that ionization energy 94×10-18J that we have experimentally measured, 3 . 9 4 times 10 to the negative 18 joules.
它就是我们通过实验测得的,电离能3。,我们用所有的这些。
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Our ionization energy is going to be equal to the incident energy coming in, minus the kinetic energy of the electron.
我们的电离能将等于,入射能量，减去电子的动能。
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So, you can see how this can directly give us different ionization energies for any atom that we're interested in studying.
那么，大家可以理解,这种技术如何直接给出我们所要研究的,任何一种原子的所有不同的电离能。
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In this case, it's called the ionization energy, plus whatever kinetic energy we have left over in the electron.
在这种情况下，它就是电离能，剩余部分将转化为,出射电子的动能。
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One major difference between electron affinity and ionization energy is that when we talked about ionization energy, remember ionization energy always has to be positive.
电子亲和能,与电离能之间最大的不同就在于,当我们提到电离能的时候，记得电离能总是正的。
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This is the second ionization energy. That is to say the ionization energy of the second most electron.
这是二级电离能，这就是说,电子数第二多的电离能。
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We call these first, second, third ionization energies in sequence. This is the first ionization energy.
我们按照顺序把这些叫做一级，二级,三级电离能，这是初级电离能。
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If something has a high ionization energy, it means that it really, really, really does not want to give up an electron.
如果某个东西有很高的电离能，这意味着它非常非常，非常不愿意失去一个电子。
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So, in a first blush, you might say, well, why don't we just take the first ionization energy?
当你在这个问题上第一次陷入尴尬境地的时候，你可能会说，我们为什么不取第一个电离能呢？
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And let's look at the final kinetic energy that we'd observe in this spectrum, which is 384 electron volts, so what is that third corresponding ionization energy?
然后让我们来看一下,在光谱中观测到的，最后一种动能，它大小是，384，电子伏，那么这相应的第三种电离能是多大？
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And if we experimentally know z what the ionization energy is, we actually have a way to find out what the z effective will be equal to.
我们实际上就有了一个办法,去找出有效的，等于多少,我们可以使用这里的方程。
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We'll then take a turn to talking about the periodic table, we'll look at a bunch of periodic trends, including ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity and atomic radius.
然后我们再开始讲元素周期表，我们会看到很多周期性规律，比如电离能，电子亲和能，电负性以及原子半径。
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We talked about ionization energy, electron affinity, we talked about electronegativity, which is just kind of a combination of the first two, and then ended with atomic radius here.
我们讲了电离能的，电子亲和能的，还讲了电负性的，也就是前两个的组合，最后讲了原子半径的。
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And remember again, the binding energy physically is the negative of the ionization energy, and that's actually how you can experimentally check to see if this is actually correct.
电离能的负值，那个事实上是可以,通过实验来验证，它是否是对的,并且它等于负的。
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We know that ionization energy is going to increase as we go across the periodic table, so that means carbon has a lower ionization energy than nitrogen which is right next to us.
我们知道电离能会随着周期表,向右而逐渐变大，因此碳的电离能比旁边的氮要低一些,那么就像我说的。
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But, in fact, we can also talk about the ionization energy of different states of the hydrogen atom or of any atom.
但实际上我们也可以讨论氢原子,或者其它任何原子的其它能级的电离能。
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So it's going to keep in mind the limitations, so let's start off with talking about ionization energy.
那么让我们将这些局限性记在心里，继续来讨论一下电离能。
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So, second ionization energy simply means you've already taken one electron out, now how much energy does it take for you to take a second electron out.
第二电离能简单地说就是,在你已经拿走一个电子以后，再拿走第二个电子,所需要消耗的能量。
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And we know what that's equal to, this is something we've been over and over, ionization energy is simply equal to the negative of the binding energy.
而且你知道它等于什么，这是我们说过一遍又一遍的，电离能就等于,负的束缚能。
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So we can use an equation to relate the incident energy and the kinetic energy to the ionization energy, or the energy that's required to eject an electron.
因此我们可以用一个公式将入射能量,与动能和电离能，就是发射出一个电子所需要的能量关联起来。
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What we've learned so far is as a first approximation, what we want to do is put the atom with the lowest ionization energy in the middle here.
我们之前所学的可以作为第一近似，我们要做的是把电离能,最低的原子放在中间。
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So I said that this technique was used to experimentally determine what the different binding energies or the different ionization energies are for the different states in a multielectron atom.
我说过，这项技术被用来,在实验上确定多电子原子的,各个不同态相应的束缚能,或者电离能。
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And, subsequently, we looked at photoelectron spectroscopy which is a technique that allows us to determine binding energies, ionization energies being just one example.
随后，我们看了光电子谱,这是一种只用一个样品,能够测量结合能，离子化能的技术。
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As we go across the row what happens is that the ionization energy actually increases, and we can think about logically why it is that that's happening.
当我们沿着行,向右走的时候，可以发现电离能是逐渐升高的,我们可以从逻辑上思考一下为什么会这样。
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So, what we can do instead of talking about the ionization energy, z because that's one of our known quantities, so that we can find z effective.
我们做的事可以代替讨论电离能,因为那是我们知道的量子数之一，那是我们可以解出有效的，如果我们重新排列这个方程。
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So, if we look on the periodic table, comparing, for example, s to o, if we have s it's below o, what happens to ionization energy as we go down a table?
那么，如果我们看周期表上，比较，比如，硫和氧，硫在氧下面，当我们沿着表向下看的时候,电离能是怎么变化的？
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