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Kelvin MacKenzie, a former newspaper editor and commentator says the show had to be about Griffin.
VOA: standard.2009.10.23
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If this were to be an absolute zero Kelvin, then we could we can have something, T2 Sorry, it's T2.
如果它等于绝对零度，我们可以，对不起，这是。
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OK, for most gases, T inversion is much 300K greater than 300 degrees Kelvin. Much greater than room temperature.
好，对大多数气体,转变温度都高于,比室温高很多。
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And that's consistent with other things that we've seen, Remember the whole thing about the perfect crystal at zero degrees Kelvin has zero entropy It's completely ordered.
这和我们看到的其他东西自洽吗？,想想零摄氏度下的,完美晶体的熵为零,这是完全有序的。
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And I'm going to call this the you can break even at zero degrees Kelvin law.
我把它叫做,你能在0下,保本定律“
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All right, next time we're going to talk about a much better scale, which is the ideal gas thermometer and how we get to the Kelvin scale.
好，下次我们,会讲一种好得多的温标，关于理想气体温度计,和开氏温标的导出。
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And what that corresponds to, if you recall, is the idea that in a perfect crystal at zero degrees Kelvin then you have no disorder at all.
如果你们能回忆起来的的话，这就意味着,绝对零度下的完美晶体,一点无序状态也没有。
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All right, so you can't get perfect efficiency, 0 but at least if you were able to go to zero degrees Kelvin, then you'd be all set.
好吧，你得不到完美的效率，但至少如果能把温度降到,那你就万事俱备了。
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And so now, instead of using these reference points for the Kelvin scale, we use the absolute zero, which isn't going to care what the pressure is.
就像理想气体温标,与气体的种类无关一样，具有普适性，在开尔文温标中。
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And we had the similar statement by Kelvin about the heat engine that required that some heat gets dumped into a cold reservoir in the process of converting the heat from the hot reservoir into work.
相同的陈述,同样的有开尔文表述：,把热量完全从高温热源,转移至低温热源的过程中,必然有功的输出。
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So, this temperature, this absolute zero here, which is absolute zero on the Kelvin scale.
在负无穷处，现在把绝对零度定义为，开尔文温标中的0度。
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And it's, again it's a macroscopic pretty big thing so typical might be 10 kilojoules per Kelvin, and that's pretty big, right?
相当大的数值，典型值大概,是10kJ/K，它相当大，对吧？,注意这里不是每摩尔？
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And our other reference point is the triple point of water - reference points become zero Kelvin, absolute zero, and the triple point.
而使用绝对零度,它与压强无关,是最低的温度，另一个参考点是水的三相点。
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The reference points are water freezing or boiling, and the interpolation is linear and then that morphed into the Kelvin scale as we're going to see later.
参考点是水的冰点和沸点,插值是线性的,随后它被发展成为开氏温标,我们之后会看到。
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The only way you could possibly contemplate it is to be working at absolute zero Kelvin.
在绝对零度下工作,猜一下热力学第三定律告诉我们什么？
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If you could get to zero degrees Kelvin, you'd get perfect efficiency, 0 but you can't get to zero degrees Kelvin, you can't. Even if you have an infinite amount of resources, you can't get there.
如果能达到，你就能获得完美的效率，但你得不到，得不到，即使你有无穷多的资源,你也做不到。
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Ordinary heat capacities are in Joule's per Kelvin mole, not kilojoules, right.
一般热容的单位是焦耳每摩,而不是千焦。
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Let's draw it in degrees Kelvin, instead of in degrees Celsius.
来重画一下这幅图，现在温度的单位是开尔文。
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f So we have now temperature in degrees Kelvin.
纵坐标是。
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And then you would get the Kelvin scale.
这就是开尔文温标。
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You can only do it at zero degrees Kelvin.
你只能在0下做到这点。
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You can't get to zero Kelvin.
我们待会会再讨论这个。
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So you need first to take the liquid helium and cool it below 53 degrees Kelvin before you can do the Joule-Thomson to cool it even further to make liquid helium.
我们首先需要,把温度江都53k一下,然后利用焦耳-汤姆孙实验,来继续冷却它。
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10kJ/K That's the heat released, divided by minus 10 or 10 kilojoules per Kelvin, right. It's 8.2 Kelvin.
再除以-10，或,这就是8。2K，换句话说。
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The triple point of water is going to be defined as 273.16 degrees Kelvin.
现在的参考点是0K：,绝对零度。
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And so redefining then the temperature scale to the Kelvin scale, where t in degrees Kelvin is equal to t in degree Celsius, plus 273.15.
以K为单位的温度,是以℃为单位的温度,加上273。15度。
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A molar enthalpy of or whatever, iron, as a solid at 298.15 Kelvin is zero.
98。15K下固态铁的，摩尔焓是零。
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You take your room temperature liquid helium and you cool it with liquid nitrogen to 77 degrees Kelvin, the new, you're not quite there yet 77k unfortunately right? Then you take hydrogen you cool it would liquid nitrogen to 77, then you can use your hydrogen gas.
首先要有常温的氦气,拿液氮把它冷却到77k，那个新来的7,你不坐在那儿，对吧？,然后用液氮把氢气降温到,然后就可以使用这个氢气了，想要用氢气来做焦耳-汤姆孙实验。
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We have an interpolation scheme between zero and 273.16 with two values for this quantity, and we have a linear interpolation that defines our temperature scale, our Kelvin temperature scale.
的两个值做线性插值,就得到了开尔文温标,直线的斜率等于水的三相点,也就是这一点处的f的值,再除以273。16，这是这条直线的斜率，这个量，f在三相点处的值。
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Last time we reach the third law which is telling us that we can't quite get to zero degrees Kelvin .but that as the temperature approaches zero degrees Kelvin, the absolute entropy of a pure substance in perfect crystalline form is zero.
上次课我们得到了热力学第三定律,这个定律告诉我们我们无法,达到0K的温度,但是在我们接近绝对零度的过程中，以完美晶体形式存在的纯物质的绝对熵,也趋向于零。
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