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We talked last week about how this idea developed a long time ago.
VOA: special.2010.03.12
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Last time we talked very little about that and so we'll talk more about that next week, but certainly technology is going to be available, but there's going to need to be ways developed to put this technology together.
上节课我们谈过一点,下星期会进一步探讨,当然这种技术的实现,是建立在各种相关技术的基础之上的
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It has to have an origin of replication, which we talked about last time, which is compatible with the cells.
所以质粒必须带有复制起点,我们上次讲过,该起点要与受体细胞匹配
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And we talked about the equation you can use for radial nodes last time, and that's just n minus 1 minus l.
我们讲过这个用于,计算径向节点的方程，也就是ｎ减去ｌ减去１
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OK, so we ended up last time, we talked about Joule-Thomson expansion, which is an irreversible expansion through a nozzle, through a porous plug, constant enthalpy expansion.
上节课，我们讨论了焦耳-汤姆逊，膨胀过程,也就是气体，通过毛细管。
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OK. So last time around, we talked about, or introduced if you like, iterative programs.
好，上节课的最后时候，我们讲过了，或者是介绍过了。
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Last time we stopped, we talked about how difficult change is.
上次我们讲到改变有多么困难。
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We talked about that in the Cole Porter last time.
上节课中我们用科尔·波特为例
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We talked about mitosis last time; it's described more completely in the chapter, where two cells are formed from one.
我们上节课说到过有丝分裂,在那一章里更详细的阐释了,细胞是怎么由一生二的
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We talked last time about extracellular matrix and this complex protein-carbohydrate gel that surrounds all cells.
我们上次谈到过的细胞外基质,是一种蛋白和碳水化合物的复合物胶冻,它环绕在细胞周围
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We talked about the path last time being very important. Defining the path.
我可以在整个过程中,改变外界的压强。
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We talked about a few of these last time but I'm sure there's others, so what things did you come up with as you were thinking, anybody?
我们之前谈到过一些,我想一定还有别的,你们想到什么没有,谁来说说看
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We talked about last time that part of the process of going from this single cell to multi cellular many celled organisms like we are is cell division.
我们上节课说过,从一个单细胞分裂形成大量细胞,构成的器官的过程,叫做细胞分裂
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We talked about sickle cell anemia last time, that's an example.
上次我们讲过镰刀状贫血病,那就是一例
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We talked about it last time, a rhythmic device.
我们上次说到过,一个节奏技巧
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We talked about division last time.
我们上节课说过了细胞分裂
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We talked about this last time.
上次我们已经说过了。
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Now, remember we talked about these last time, voltage-gated channels are channels that would allow the passage of sodium, in this case, but they can exist in two states, a closed state and an open state.
还记得我们上节课讨论过的吧,电压门控通道是,一种可以容许钠离子通过的通道,在这一例子中 电压门控通道有两种状态,关闭状态和开放状态
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And so we talked very briefly last time about this business of antigen presentation, how your immune system-- one of the things that it does especially well, is recognize what's part of you and what's not part of you.
上次我们简单的提到过,有关抗原呈递的一些知识,你的免疫系统如何,这也是免疫系统尤其擅长的一点,就是识别哪些部分属于你,哪些不属于
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I'm going to talk about - take sort of the general concepts that we talked about last time and talk about how they apply in two physiological systems, the nervous system first and then the immune system.
我将要谈到几个基本的概念,我上节课已经讲过一些了,再讲讲这些概念在两个生理系统中的应用,首先是神经系统然后是免疫系统
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Again, the point today is not for you to understand in detail all these mechanisms but to understand how those basic concepts we talked about last time, basic concepts of cell communication if arranged in the right kinds of ways can lead to complex outcomes.
再说一次 今天的重点不是,要你理解这些机制的细节,而是借此理解上节课讲的基本概念,细胞通讯的基本概念如果安排得当,可以产生非常复杂的反应
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Let's go on to the finale now, and as we listen to the finale let's think about what we heard at the very beginning and talked about last time, about the mood that the beginning of the Fifth Symphony created for it.
现在要接近终曲了,当我们听最后乐章时,让我们想想在乐曲开头听到了什么,还有上次我们谈到的内容,关于第五交响曲开头的感情基调
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It can also happen in other ways, it could be a G-protein coupled receptor which we talked about last time, which indirectly activates another ion channel to start the electrical signal.
还可以有其他方式,可以通过G蛋白偶联受体,这我们上次谈过,它可以间接激活,另一个离子通道以开启电信号
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