There is no star where the Morning Star had been or where people have claimed it would be or something.

一颗星也没有,无论是晨星曾经出现的地方或,是人们曾断言晨星会出现的地方

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So when I refer to the Morning Star, I'm talking about Venus, whether or not I realize it's Venus.

所以说,当我谈到晨星的时候,我就是在指金星,不管怎么样,我认为那是金星

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Still, from the fact that I can imagine the world in which I look around for the Morning Star-- there it isn't.

事实上,我可以想象这样,我到处找晨星,但是却找不到

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So as long as Venus is around, well, there's the Evening Star, there's the Morning Star, there's Venus.

所以,只要有金星,就有昏星,哪里有晨星,哪里就有金星

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But try to imagine a world in which the Evening Star exists, but the Morning Star does not.

但是尝试想象在一个世界里昏星存在,而晨星不存在

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You might have thought that showed--didn't Descartes prove to us that that shows--the Evening Star and the Morning Star are two different things?

由此你可能会想,这是不是就印证了笛卡尔向我们证明的,昏星和晨星,其实是两样不一样的东西

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You can't have a world in which the Morning Star doesn't exist but the Evening Star does.

不可能在某个世界里,晨星不存在,而昏星却存在

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I think the Morning Star, Evening Star case shows us that arguments like this, at the very least, can't be taken at face value.

晨星和昏星的例子,向我们表明了,像这样的论证,一般来说,不能轻信

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So, as I say, it's a trivial matter to imagine a world in which the Evening Star exists and the Morning Star does not.

我说过,显而易见,想象在一个世界里,昏星存在,而晨星不存在

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I can imagine a world in which the Evening Star exists, but the Morning Star doesn't.

我可以想象一个昏星存在,而晨星不存在的世界

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Look, take the argument of the planets, the Morning Star and the Evening Star example.

拿行星的论证,晨星和昏星的那个例子来说

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The world that we live in has both the Evening Star and the Morning Star.

我们所在的世界既有昏星,也有晨星

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Well, maybe I did imagine a world in which the Morning Star exists and the Evening Star doesn't exist, but maybe imagining doesn't mean it's possible.

或许我想象这一个,晨星存在,但昏星不存在的世界,但也许想象并不表示可能

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The Morning Star is that heavenly body which is the last heavenly body that's still visible as dawn comes in and it begins to get light.

晨星就是,这样一个天体,它是黎明来临,天快亮时,还能看到的,最后一颗星星

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The Evening Star and the Morning Star are the very same heavenly body.

昏星和晨星,是同一个天体

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Different philosophers agree that something's gone wrong in the Morning Star and the Evening Star case, but disagree about the best diagnosis of where the mistake went in.

很多哲学家都认为,在晨星和昏星的例子中,的确存在错误,但是错误出在哪里,哲学家们却各执一词

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The Morning Star and the Evening Star aren't two different things.

晨星和昏星,不是不同的东西

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And I'm sure you're also familiar then with the Morning Star.

我肯定你们也对晨星很熟悉

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I look around and the Morning Star is not there.

我四周张望,没有看到晨星

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So as a first pass, the Evening Star is the first star that's visible and the Morning Star is the last star that's visible at the right times of the year.

在最初,昏星是能看到的,第一颗星,而晨星,是最后一颗,当然是在每年的特定时段

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So there couldn't be a world in which the Evening Star exists, but the Morning Star doesn't, because that would be a world in which Venus exists and Venus doesn't exist.

所以不可能有一个世界昏星存在,而晨星不存在,因为那意味着在那个世界里金星存在,而同时金星不存在

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You thought you were imagining a world in which the Evening Star exists and the Morning Star doesn't, but you weren't really imagining a world in which the Evening Star exists and the Morning Star doesn't.

你觉得你在想象一个,昏星存在,但晨星不存在的世界,但你并没有真正地想象出,一个昏星存在,而晨星却不存在的世界

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I take it that we all agree that when we attempt to run the Cartesian argument in terms of the Morning Star and the Evening Star, it fails. But it's harder to say what went wrong?

我想大家都同意,当我们试图把卡氏论证,用到晨星和昏星的例子上来时,它行不通了,但是很难说我们哪里错了

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The Morning Star is Venus.

晨星也是金星

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And so we've got a--we could imagine then a-- Descartes-like argument saying, "If I can imagine the Evening Star without the Morning Star, that shows the Evening Star and the Morning Star must be two different heavenly bodies."

所以我们得到一个,我们可以想象一个,笛卡尔式的论证,如果我能想象昏星存在而晨星不存在,这就证明了昏星,和晨星肯定是两个不同的天体

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Well, I can imagine the Evening Star without the Morning Star, so Son of Descartes, "Descarteson," Has to say, "Oh, so that shows that the Morning Star and the Evening Star are two different things."

我可以想象只有晨星存在,而昏星不存在,于是笛卡尔的儿子,笛卡尔森 不得不说,那就说明了晨星和昏星,是两个不一样的东西

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And I think the example of the Evening Star and the Morning Star-- which is not at all original to me-- that this example shows, this counter example shows, that Descartes' original argument doesn't work either.

而且我认为晨星,和昏星的例子,这不是我原创的,这个例子说明,这个反例说明了,笛卡尔的原来的那个论证也行不通

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The interesting thing about Descartes' argument is that it's easy to see something has gone wrong in the case of the Morning Star and the Evening Star, but it's difficult to pin down what exactly went wrong.

笛卡尔论证的奇妙之处在于,我们能明显感觉到,晨星和昏星的例子中,有些东西不对劲,但很难确定,错误到底在出哪里

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Still, that's not a world in which the Morning Star doesn't exist, given that what we mean by the Morning Star is that heavenly object, whatever it is, that in this world we pick out at that time in the morning looking up at the sky.

但这并不是意味着,晨星在这个世界不存在,如果给定了晨星的意思就是,一个这样的天体,不管它到底是什么,在这个世界上,在早晨的那个时候我们仰望天空,就能看到的那个天体

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