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This is because orbital debris travels at speeds of thirty-two thousand kilometers an hour or more.
VOA: special.2009.04.01
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This is the radial probability distribution formula for an s orbital, which is, of course, dealing with something that's spherically symmetrical.
这个ｓ轨道的,径向概率分布公式，它对于球对称,的情形成立。
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So here's the pneumonic I mentioned for writing the electron configuration and getting those orbital energies in the right order.
这里是我提到的,对于写电子构型,和以正确的顺序得到轨道能量。
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Nicholas Johnson is chief scientist for orbital debris for the United States space agency.
VOA: special.2009.04.01
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And the technique is called, watch because this is a six-letter initialization, linear combination of atomic orbitals LCAO-MO into molecular orbital, LCAO-MO.
这项技术是，一个6字母初始设定，原子轨道的线性叠加,成分子轨道。
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Now,everything was ready for an astronaut to make an orbital flight.
VOA: special.2009.06.17
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And what I want to point out here is this angular dependence for the p orbitals for the l equals 1 orbital.
这里我要指出的是,ｌ等于１的ｐ轨道随角度的变化。
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Everything was "A-OK" for an orbital flight.
VOA: special.2009.06.17
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So you see in the hybrid orbital we actually have a larger lobe on top where they constructively interfered.
所以你们可以看到在杂化轨道里,我们上面,由很大的一叶相长干涉。
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And in the case of the 3 s orbital, that's going to be equal to 11 . 5 times a nought.
对于３ｓ轨道，它等于１１．５ａ０．
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So any time in a molecular orbital diagram you draw in orbitals, you need to draw the corresponding molecular orbitals.
任何时候你在分子轨道图里画轨道，你都要画出相对应的分子轨道。
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And I am going to superscript it molecular orbital, and this upper one, to indicate that it's antibonding, has the asterisk.
我将给分子轨道加上标，这个上标，表示反键轨道，有一个星号。
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It turns out that the antibonding orbital is a little bit higher from the atomic orbital level than the bonding orbital is lower.
这证明了,反键轨道,比原子轨道高,成键轨道比原子轨道第。
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So we can go ahead and name our molecular orbital, just like we know how to name our atomic orbitals.
我们可以继续命名分子轨道，就想我们知道如何命名原子轨道一样。
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So here we have 3 minus l equals 0, because it's an s orbital, minus 1, so we have two radial nodes here.
这里我们有３减去ｌ等于０,因为这是ｓ轨道，减去１,我们有两个径向节点。
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And so this lower level is called a bonding orbital, and it is a bonding molecular orbital.
所以能级较低的轨道叫做成键轨道，这就是成键分子轨道。
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So we can actually pop an electron or eject an electron from any single orbital that is occupied within the atom.
任何一个被占据轨道,打出一个电子,或者说发射出一个电子。
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And what you find is when you have a bonding orbital, the energy decreases compared to the atomic orbitals.
你们发现当你有个成键轨道的时候，相比原子轨道能量要降低。
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In an orbital is remember that this area right here at r equals zerio, that is not a node.
例如对于１ｓ轨道,记住这里ｒ等于０处不是一个节点。
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So this is just the idea that the most electrons that you can have in a single orbital is two electrons.
这个观点是在一个单个的轨道中,最多容纳两个电子。
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Right, we had one from each atom, so that means we need a total of two in our molecular orbital.
对吧，每个原子有一个电子，这意味着在分子轨道里我们一共需要两个电子。
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One of the main difference is is that when you're talking about multi-electron orbitals, they're actually smaller than the corresponding orbital for the hydrogen atom.
其中最主要的区别之一,是当你讨论多电子轨道时,它们实际上，要比对应的氢原子轨道,要小一些。
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So we can go on and do this for any orbital or any state function that we would like to.
我们可以继续，对任何轨道,或任何波函数做，同样的事情。
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Let's switch to a clicker question and just confirm that that is, in fact, true. So what's the corresponding orbital if we talk about this state, 5, 1, 0?
让我们,转到，课堂问题上来，5，1，0态所对应的轨道,是哪一个？
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So, the size still for an s orbital is larger than for a d orbital, but what we say is that an s electron can actually penetrate closer to the nucleus.
轨道的尺寸比,ｐ轨道还是要大，但我们说的是ｓ轨道可以,穿透到更接近原子核的地方。
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So, first, if I point out when l equals 0, when we have an s orbital, what you see is that angular part of the wave function is equal to a constant.
首先，如果ｌ等于０,那就是ｓ轨道，你们可以看到,它波函数的角度部分是一个常数。
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Whereas in molecular orbital theory, what I'm telling you is instead we understand that the electrons are spread all over the molecule, they're not just associated with a single atom or a single bond.
而在分子轨道理论里，我要告诉你们的时,我们任为电子分布在整个分子中,它们不仅仅是和,一个原子或者一个键有关。
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Another thing to point out in these two graphs is that we do have nodes, and we figured out last time, we calculated how many nodes we should have in a 2 s orbital.
另外这两张图上要指出的是,我们可以看到节点，上次我们知道，我们算了２ｓ轨道有多少个节点。
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When we talk about p orbitals the phase of the orbital becomes important once we talk about bonding, which hopefully you were happy to hear at the beginning of class we will get to soon.
对于ｐ轨道,当我们讨论到成键时，轨道的相位就变得非常重要了,这个我们马上就要讲到了。
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You can see that as you fill up your periodic table, it's very clear. But also we'll tell you a pneumonic device to keep that in mind, so you always remember and get the orbital energy straight.
在你们填周期表的时候，非常清楚但是我们也要告诉你们,一个策略去记住它，所以你们总是记得,并得到连续的轨道能量。
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