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"That non-coding RNA, well,what does it do? Well,it's not that it's going to make a protein."
VOA: standard.2010.04.05
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You have mechanisms inside your natural mechanisms inside your cell that allow the cells to degrade unwanted RNA sequences.
人体内细胞的这种自然机制,有助于细胞降解不需要的RNA序列
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So that means those cells are continually making messenger RNA and that messenger RNA is being converted into protein.
这意味着胰腺细胞在,不断地产生mRNA,这些mRNA被转变为蛋白质
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Instead of producing proteins, the genes produce something called non-coding RNA.
VOA: standard.2010.04.05
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HIV is a member of the family of viruses called retroviruses, and retroviruses all use RNA as their genetic material.
IV是一种逆转录病毒,所有逆转录病毒均以RNA作为遗传物质
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Certain double stranded RNA sequences will cause in the cell a process of degradation of very specific RNA sequence.
一些双链RNA序列能够在细胞中开启,特定RNA序列的降解程序
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You can just say it's RNA or DNA and you know everything about the pentose in every molecule on the chain.
你只需要说它是一个RNA或者DNA,就能知道,每个核苷酸分子的戊糖
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RNA polymerase is smart, it knows where it needs to go in order to make the copy of RNA that's required.
NA聚合酶很聪明,它知道该由什么位置介入,来转录所需要的RNA
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They are RNA molecules but they have at some points in their life span, they have amino acids attached to them.
这些是如假包换的RNA分子,但在其生命周期的特定时间,它们会携带一个氨基酸分子
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DNA goes to RNA, goes to protein, that's it, and that is the way it happens in simple organisms like bacteria.
NA转录成RNA接着翻译成蛋白质,仅此而已,而这仅是细菌那样的简单有机体中的机制
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It's called cDNA or complimentary DNA to indicate that it's a copy, a complimentary copy of the messenger RNA.
它叫cDNA或者互补DNA,意味着它是一个拷贝,一个信使RNA反转录得出的DNA拷贝
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We're going to talk more about this as we go through some specific examples of where RNA processing is important.
我们以后会讲到一些,特定的例子,进一步说明为什么RNA的加工如此重要
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Of course, if you degrade the messenger RNA at a rapid rate then you'll stop expression of the cells.
如果降解信使RNA的速度很快的话,就会停止细胞的表达
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You've heard about RNA interference, for example, and that is the process of stopping this, to stop a gene from being expressed.
比如说,你们听说过的RNA干扰,就是一种阻止,基因表达的手段
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That messenger RNA that's being used has already gone through the RNA splicing mechanism and so the introns have already been removed.
这个mRNA,已经经过了RNA剪接机制的剪接,切去了内含子
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Those regions that are not are spliced out during RNA processing to form the mRNA transcript that's used to make the protein.
而这些与生成胰岛素无关的区域,在RNA剪接过程中就被剔除,从而生成转录蛋白质的mRNA
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It's more complicated in making protein from an RNA strand and that complication is called the genetic code.
而从一条单链RNA翻译为蛋白,这个过程更为复杂,称之为遗传密码
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Transcription just means making a single stranded RNA copy of a sequence of base pairs in a DNA.
转录的过程就是从一段DNA碱基序列中,复制出一段单链RNA
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The one that appears only in RNA is , the one that appears only in DNA is .
仅出现在RNA中的碱基是U,仅出现在DNA中的是T
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If it's making the protein you want, it must be producing messenger RNA with that gene on it.
如果它正在制造你想要的蛋白质,它一定也在制造,你要的基因的mRNA
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It requires RNA processing to happen smoothly, so if you can interfere with RNA processing you can stop a gene from being expressed.
转录需要RNA的顺利加工,因此如果你能干扰RNA加工过程,你就能阻止一段基因的表达
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That information gets put into action through a process, a biological process called transcription, where particular regions of DNA are transcribed into RNA.
信息通过某种过程起到作用,这个生物学过程叫转录,在转录过程中,DNA的特定区域转录成RNA
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The end result of transcription is not double stranded DNA, it's single stranded RNA where the RNA that's produced is called messenger RNA.
最终的转录产物并非双链的DNA,而是单链的RNA,称为信使RNA
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You know that some viruses use RNA as their genetic material and so their lifecycle is going to be slightly different than this.
有些病毒利用RNA作为遗传物质,而且正因如此,它们的生命周期,会与前者有所不同
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For example, this transfer RNA has a unit here, at one end of the transfer RNA molecule.
举个例子,这个tRNA的一端,有一个GAG的碱基序列单元
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Translation occurs by a special kind of polymerization where these transfer RNA's operate by Watson-Crick base pairing.
翻译过程是一种特殊的聚合过程,当tRNA按照,沃森克里克碱基互补配对原则进行配对
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If the messenger RNA for protein is not present in a cell, then that can't be translated, obviously, and the protein can't be made.
如果细胞中没有,用来合成蛋白质的mRNA,那就不能进行翻译,很明显,蛋白质也不能被合成
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While there are only four different bases that make up either RNA or DNA, and so the complexity of an RNA polymer is limited.
在RNA或DNA的构成中,只含四种不同的碱基,因此一个RNA分子的复杂程度是有限的
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And your cells making transfer RNA, if they make a transfer RNA molecule that has here, they only put leucine at the other end.
你的细胞在生成tRNA的过程中,如果生成的tRNA序列是GAG,那它的另一端携带的就只能是亮氨酸
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Before, we talked about how do you know what messenger RNA to make, how do you know what RNA to copy from a DNA template?
在之前的课上,我们说到如何判断mRNA的具体序列,如何判断RNA从DNA模板复制了什么
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