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It's called cDNA or complimentary DNA to indicate that it's a copy, a complimentary copy of the messenger RNA.
它叫cDNA或者互补DNA,意味着它是一个拷贝,一个信使RNA反转录得出的DNA拷贝
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So that means those cells are continually making messenger RNA and that messenger RNA is being converted into protein.
这意味着胰腺细胞在,不断地产生mRNA,这些mRNA被转变为蛋白质
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Of course, if you degrade the messenger RNA at a rapid rate then you'll stop expression of the cells.
如果降解信使RNA的速度很快的话,就会停止细胞的表达
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That messenger RNA that's being used has already gone through the RNA splicing mechanism and so the introns have already been removed.
这个mRNA,已经经过了RNA剪接机制的剪接,切去了内含子
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If it's making the protein you want, it must be producing messenger RNA with that gene on it.
如果它正在制造你想要的蛋白质,它一定也在制造,你要的基因的mRNA
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The end result of transcription is not double stranded DNA, it's single stranded RNA where the RNA that's produced is called messenger RNA.
最终的转录产物并非双链的DNA,而是单链的RNA,称为信使RNA
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If the messenger RNA for protein is not present in a cell, then that can't be translated, obviously, and the protein can't be made.
如果细胞中没有,用来合成蛋白质的mRNA,那就不能进行翻译,很明显,蛋白质也不能被合成
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Before, we talked about how do you know what messenger RNA to make, how do you know what RNA to copy from a DNA template?
在之前的课上,我们说到如何判断mRNA的具体序列,如何判断RNA从DNA模板复制了什么
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Well, that anti-sense strand is shown here as the red and the cell is naturally making the blue or sense strand of messenger RNA for a particular protein.
好的,反义链在这里以红色表示,细胞自身会造出合成某种,特定的蛋白质的蓝色RNA正义链
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This isn't particularly important for us to know here, but that messenger RNA gets converted into a protein of a specific composition through a biological process called translation is important.
我们这里不特别强调这个,但mRNA转换成一个,特定蛋白质的过程,我们称之为翻译过程,是非常重要的
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When you think about a gene or a transcript, the messenger RNA copy of a gene, you know that for every sequence of a nucleic acid there's a complimentary sequence.
当你们考虑一段基因或者一个,转录一段基因的mRNA拷贝,你们知道每个核酸序列,都有互补序列
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You know that messenger RNA is read in three base units called codons, and so this particular piece of messenger RNA is drawn in this cartoon in three base pair units.
RNA是按每三个碱基组成一个密码子,进行翻译的,在这幅动画中所画的mRNA,就是按三个碱基一组的方式来描绘的
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The end result is you can design now very specific double stranded RNA sequences, that when delivered into cells again will activate this process of natural degradation of an existing messenger RNA.
最终的结果是,你现在能够设计针对性很强的,双链RNA序列,当这段序列被转入细胞后会激活,对已有信使RNA进行降解的过程
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It turns out that we can do that now because we have an enzyme called reverse transcriptase, which is able to take single stranded messenger RNA and make DNA out of it.
我们现在已经可以做到这一点了,因为我们有了反转录酶,反转录酶可以用,单链的mRNA创造出DNA
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Well you do that by this Watson-Crick base pairing, so I know if I have I know what messenger RNA to make from that because I have to satisfy these base pairing rules.
依据的是沃森克里克碱基互补配对原则,如果给我一个ACGCGA的序列,就能知道转录出的mRNA会是什么,因为我必须满足碱基配对原则
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Reverse transcriptase is a naturally occurring protein, it has a biological function in HIV, but we can use it for a technical logical function here by going backwards on the biological path from messenger RNA to DNA.
反转录酶是在自然环境中存在的蛋白质,它在HIV中发挥着生物功能,但在这里它可以发挥一个技术功能,让它用信使RNA反转录出DNA
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Well, what if you knew the sequence for the messenger RNA that made insulin and you designed another single stranded DNA or RNA molecule that was the exact opposite, or the exact compliment, I should say, of that strand?
那么,如果你知道了,合成胰岛素的mRNA的序列,并设计一段与其序列完全相反的,DNA或者RNA分子,应该说是完全互补的一段分子
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And you could interfere with a translation by degrading messenger RNA, for example. If you had a way to specifically chew up all the RNA molecules that are responsible for making a particular protein, you could stop it from being expressed even though your cell is trying to make it.
而你就可以通过,降解其mRNA来进行干扰,再举个例子,如果你能把表达特定蛋白的RNA,统统揪出来捣毁的话,你也能阻止这段基因表达,哪怕是你的细胞在努力表达这段基因
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Plus,if you're looking for insulin, if you're looking for the gene for insulin you're going to cells that are making it already, they have abundant messenger RNA so it's much easier to separate out and identify the gene that you're interested in.
再者,如果你在找胰岛素,如果你在找胰岛素基因,你要到,正在制造胰岛素的细胞里找,里面有丰富的mRNA,所以更容易分离,并识别出你感兴趣的基因
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I don't want to go through this in detail because I assume that you know it, plus I think it's a little bit easier to read and have some time to digest, but this process of translation or conversion of messenger RNA into a protein is a complicated biological process that's occurring all the time.
我不想在这些上讲太多的细节,因为我猜你们之前都有所了解了,你们花上一点时间,就能消化这些内容,但mRNA翻译,或者说转译成蛋白质的过程,是个极其复杂的生物过程,而且每时每刻都在发生
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