By 1860 there were approximately 4,000,000 slaves in the United States, the second largest slave society slave population--in the world.

截至1860年,美国大约有,四百万的奴隶,也因此使之成为了,世界历史上的第二大奴隶社会

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

If the South was a slave society and we tried to demonstrate that last time, we tried to define that.

如果南方是奴隶社会,我们上次已经证明过了,我们也定义过了

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

Objection number two, it's not really slavery to tax because at least in a democratic society it's not a slave holder.

第二条反对意见，征税算不上是奴隶制,因为至少在民主社会,不存在奴隶主。

耶鲁公开课 - 公正课程节选

Only in the Roman Empire could slavery actually start being a way that you can move up in society, because you could-- if you were a talented slave, your owner might free you, probably would free you.

只有在罗马帝国，奴隶制可以成为,提高社会地位的手段，因为。。。,如果是一个能干的奴隶，主人可能会释放他，很有可能。

耶鲁公开课 - 新约课程节选

But I think it became, in most ways and in most definitions, a slave society surely by the 1820s or the 1830s.

我认为最主流的定义是,奴隶社会确实起源于,十九世纪二三十年代

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

But if the South was a slave society the North was a market society.

如果南方是一个奴隶社会,那么北方就是一个市场社会

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

That's always open to debate, exactly when the South became a slave society.

经常有一些公开的争论,南方究竟是从何时成为奴隶社会的

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

Now, when exactly did the American South become a slave society?

那么美国南部究竟是从何时起成为奴隶社会的

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

What do we mean when we use that phrase 'slave society'?

而'奴隶社会'指的又是什么

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

And by the 1820s and 1830s the American South became what I think you could safely say was the fifth slave society in human history; maybe the sixth. This is debatable.

自十九世纪二三十年代起,美国南方,绝对成为了,人类历史上的第五个奴隶社会,也可能是第六个,这仍然处于争议中

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

What is a slave society?

什么是奴隶社会

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

And if you want to understand why so many white Southerners, especially in the Deep South, went to such great extents to save their slave society, remember the kinds of arguments and language used by its defenders.

如果你们想知道为何如此多的南方白种人,特别是南方腹地的人们,想要最大程度地保住他们的奴隶制社会,那就揣摩一下这些辩护者所使用的论断,和他们的语言,措辞

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

The northern states by the Antebellum Period 1820s,1830s,1840s-- was beginning to sort of hurtle toward a different future than what that slave society was perhaps--no, not really slowly it too was hurtling toward a certain future.

北方在战前,也就是19世纪20至40年代,就急速开始朝着,和奴隶社会完全不同的方向发展,但是南方奴隶社会的发展得也不是很慢,它也在飞驰向一个确定的未来

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

Essentially, it means any society where slave labor where the definition of labor, where the definition of the relationship between ownership and labor is defined by slavery.

从本质上来说,它是个奴隶劳动的社会,在这个社会里劳动的内涵,以及劳动者与其劳动所有权之间的关系,都被定义为奴役

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选