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Later,they said he had a weak form of smallpox.
VOA: special.2009.11.19
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We know now that it's caused by a related virus, called vaccinia, remember the virus that causes smallpox is called variola.
我们现在知道这病由一种相关的病毒引起,这种病毒叫牛痘病毒,想想天花病毒也被叫做牛痘病毒
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The last reported case of smallpox in the-- naturally occurring smallpox, was in 1977, a man in Somalia was infected.
最后一例天花报告,自然产生的天花,是在一九七七年,一个索马里人感染了
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He was suffering from smallpox.
VOA: special.2009.11.12
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You don't have it, you don't have any immunity to smallpox, you don't have any reason to immunity to smallpox.
你们对天花没有任何免疫力,你没有任何理由能对天花免疫
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None of us have seen a case of smallpox, it hasn't existed in the world for many decades now.
我们没人见过天花,在这个世界上它已经被消灭几十年了
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There's no company that's making smallpox vaccine anymore because there's no reason to make smallpox vaccine, because nobody would buy it, right?
没有公司还生产天花疫苗,因为没有人购买天花疫苗,因此早就没有理由继续生产它了,对吧
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And Jenner made the observation that others had made, that people that were around cows a lot tended not to get smallpox.
詹纳观察到的现象别人也曾观察到,就是经常接触奶牛的人不容易患天花
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And he started with a similar but different observation, and that was that cows get a disease that's very similar to smallpox.
他首先观察到一种类似但不同的情况,就是牛得了一种很像天花的病
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We've talked about getting lucky, finding a naturally occurring attenuated live vaccine as in the case of smallpox.
我们谈到过,在天花病案中,我们发现自然弱化的活性疫苗,是多么的幸运
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And as I mentioned before, death would occur in 20-30 percent of the cases that got the most severe form of smallpox.
就像我刚说的,百分之二十到三十的,天花重症病人会死亡
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We started on this topic on Tuesday, particularly emphasizing smallpox and kind of the history of vaccine development.
我们在本周二,重点讨论了天花,以及疫苗的发展历史
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Well, there's a whole population of people who are younger than me that never got smallpox vaccines, right?
所有比我小的人,都没有接种过天花疫苗,对吧
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There were no reported cases after that, and so by the late '70s, the world was certified sort of free of smallpox worldwide.
在那之后就再也没有过报告,到七十年代晚些时候,已经确认世界各国都摆脱了天花
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Okay, so let's talk about the example of smallpox, which is one of the world's great successes in the battle against infectious diseases.
我们现在来谈一谈天花,它是人类与传染病的斗争中,获得的一项伟大胜利
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Just to say a little bit about smallpox, because unlike chickenpox, which if you haven't had, you've probably seen a case of it.
我们稍微说一下天花,因为它不像水痘那样,就算你没得过你也见过
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So, there's been an active effort to reestablish the process of smallpox vaccination in case that's needed.
为了以防万一,现在正积极重建,能够制造天花疫苗的工艺进程
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And so there are famous reports of how the Aztecs, that whole civilization, was devastated by smallpox.
有报道说阿兹特克文明如何发达,但这整个文明,都毁灭于天花
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And he was right; they got immunity and were protected from smallpox when it affected their community.
他是对的,当天花在周围流行时,他们具备了对天花的免疫力
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And so we'll talk about how that happened in the— using the examples of smallpox and polio.
所以我们会以天花和小儿麻痹症为例,讨论上述目标是如何实现的
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Some, like the smallpox vaccine on one exposure generates a very high response that lasts for many years so you don't need a boost.
有一些疫苗,比如接触一次天花疫苗后,人体就能产生高水平的免疫应答,并持续很多年,所以无需再次接种
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I think the smallpox vaccine we made now would probably be better, more effective, and safer than the vaccines we made in the '50s.
我相信若我们现在制造天花疫苗,应该会比五十年代的更有效更安全
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So, none of you in this room, I'm 100% confident, never ever got a smallpox vaccine.
所以我百分百确信这间教室里所有人,没有一个人接种过天花疫苗
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And if smallpox was somehow introduced into a city like New York City, what would happen?
如果向一个城市散布天花,这个城市是纽约的话,会发生什么
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Remember that the lucky thing about the smallpox vaccine was that a naturally occurring attenuated form of the smallpox virus variola called vaccinea was found.
对于天花病毒来说,幸运的是,存在一种自然发生的,被称作痘苗病毒的,天花病毒的衰减疫苗
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There are still some active smallpox virus specimens kept in the world, and there are two sources of small--two places where smallpox is stored now.
世界上仍有地方保存着,一些具有活性的天花病毒样本,有两个地方还储存着天花病毒样本
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And this is what's characteristic of smallpox, is that as the virus spreads through your body, it particularly, it particularly affects cells of your skin.
这是天花的特征,当病毒传遍全身时,它特别的,特别地作用于皮肤细胞
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Then you start to get lesions on your skin that are very characteristic of smallpox.
然后你的皮肤就会遭到损害,这就是天花的典型特征
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But smallpox was, at one time, one of the most frightening diseases on the planet.
但是天花曾经,是这个星球上最令人恐惧的疾病之一
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And I talked about eradicating smallpox in 1977, right when officially the last case was reported, and it was certified to be eradicated shortly after that.
我刚刚已经讲了一九七七年根除天花,当时发布了最后一例官方报告,自此之后,天花已经确认根除
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