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These can be sulfate,nitrate, ammonia,sodium chloride and if these are small particles they can be dangerous because if they are inhaled they can reach the lungs."
VOA: standard.2010.04.16
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If you take one of those individual grains of sodium chloride, look at it carefully, you will see the edges look like this.
如果你拿起,氯化钠晶体的一粒，仔细观察，你可以看到这样的棱角。
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And then, if you go the real sodium chloride crystal and you do this same calculation but in three-dimensions.
接下来，如果回到实际的氯化钠晶体中,你们做同样的计算,但是是在三维中。
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The ones that are most important in physiology are ones that only allow ions to go through: sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, bicarbonate.
在生理学上这种,只能允许某种离子通过的通道十分重要,这些离子包括钠离子,钾离子,氯离子,钙离子和碳酸氢根离子
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And I want that to react to give me sodium chloride as a solid and crystal.
它们反应会得到氯化钠,氯化钠固体晶体。
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And I know that sodium chloride forms because, if I look on the webpage at 3.091, you see this down here, this is sodium in kerosene.
我知道氯化钠形式，因为我看过3。091的网站，看看这个，这是钠在煤油中。
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And so you can imagine that if you mix these, if you take sodium and you mix it with chlorine you get sodium chloride.
如果将它们混合，以钠和氯反应为例,就会反应得到氯化钠。
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And you will form a crystal of sodium chloride as a result of this need to form crystal expressed through the Coulomb's Law.
你能得到氯化钠晶体,因此，形成晶体所需要的条件,在库伦定律中通篇都有表达。
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I know table salt is white, but that is because you have power and you have multiple surfaces scattering, but a large crystal of sodium chloride is clear and colorless.
我知道食用盐是白色的，但这是因为你让它成了粉末,因为有了多个散射面，但是一个大的氯化钠晶体,是无色透明的。
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A sodium chloride crystal is transparent to visible light.
氯化钠晶体对可见光透明。
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I am doing this for plus one minus one like sodium chloride.
我正在这样做,因为就像氯化钠那样一正一负。
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And there is the sodium chloride crystal that forms between the two of them.
这是氯化钠晶体,在它们俩之间形成。
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Electron transfer, we cannot live, we die without sodium chloride.
电子转移了，没有氯化钠我们不能生存。
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And thanks to Professor Hess, I can now say that the total energy delta H In other words, delta H formation of sodium chloride should be independent of paths.
感谢道盖斯教授，我们可以认为，这整体过程,氯化钠的化合能,与路径无关。
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OK, sodium chloride works.
如氯化钠。
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Sodium chloride is about 801 degrees C.
氯化钠的在801摄氏度。
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This cation is attracting the chloride next to it and it is repelling the sodium as the next nearest neighbor.
这一阳离子被邻近的氯离子所吸引,并排斥钠离子,因为这是其最邻近的离子。
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We talked about this reaction here where we had chloride ion in the gas phase plus sodium ion in the gas phase.
我们在讨论这一个反应,我们有气相的氯原子,与气相的钠原子接触。
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We started with gaseous sodium to make gaseous sodium ion and gaseous atomic chlorine to make gaseous chloride ion through electron transfer.
我们从气态的钠开始,得到气态的钠离子,从气态的氯原子,通过电子转移得到氯离子。
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So now, let's get a sodium here, and the chloride ion next to it to the point where they are touching.
所以，我们要有一个钠离子，和氯离子放在,相互接触的一个点上。
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And so what you're going to end up with is, well, let's go over that. Here is sodium and chloride.
你将以之结尾，好吧，我们跳过那个，这是钠和氯。
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And there is this separation which is a balance of attractive forces because the chloride is net negative and the sodium is net positive, but both of them, regardless of net charge, have electrons.
这里有一个平衡,引力的平衡,由于氯离子带有负的净电荷,钠离子带有正的净电荷，但是它们两个，没有考虑净电荷，电子。
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We see that we get a negative energy by attaching the chloride to the sodium.
我们得到了负能量,通过将氯和钠结合在一起。
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Well, I show you one sodium and one chloride.
我给你看一个钠，和一个氯。
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We get another chloride and another sodium sticking to the chloride.
我们得到另外一个氯和另外一个钠,固定在氯上面。
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So, for example, in an electrochemical cell, it would be possible to take the sodium ion, give back its electron, and convert it into a metallic sodium, take the chloride ion, remove its electron, and restore chlorine gas.
所以，例如一个电化学的电池，它可能带有钠离子，让它得到电子，把它变成金属钠，得到氯离子，让它失去电子，作为氯气储存。
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So, for example, if I have a sodium ion over here, and I have a chloride ion over here, where the distance from center to center r I'm denoting as r, this is nucleus to nucleus separation.
所以，比如这有一个钠离子，和一个氯离子，它们中心与中心间的距离,我把它设为，这是原子核和原子和的间距。
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