So these are the two basic positions: the dualist view on the one hand, the physicalist view on the other.

以上就是两种基本的理论,一种是二元论的观点,另一种是物理主义的观点

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So although I'm trying to sketch the dualist position, as I explained on Tuesday, I don't myself believe in souls.

尽管我在尝试去概述,二元论的观点,就像我在周二所说的,我自己并不相信灵魂

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One possible explanation, the dualist, that's the ghost of your mother, immaterial soul that she is, communicating to you while you're asleep.

一个可能的解释,二元论者会说,那是你妈妈的鬼魂,她是一个非物质的灵魂,在你睡觉的时候跟你交流

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According to the dualist, the mind is this immaterial substance and we could call it by different names.

根据二元论,心灵是非物质的实体,我们可以用不同的名字称呼它

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Well, the dualist says, "That shows us that we have to believe that there's something non-physical about us.

二元论者认为,这表明我们必须相信,人有非物质性的一面

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On the one hand, we have the dualist view; that's the view that we spent a fair bit of time sketching last meeting.

我们探讨了两种观点 一种是二元论的观点,上堂课上我们用了很长的时间来介绍它

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The dualist position is that the mind is a soul and the soul is an immaterial object.

二元论认为心灵就是灵魂,而灵魂是一种非物质实体

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The question we want to turn to, then, is, "Which of these two views should we believe: the dualist position or the physicalist position?"

接下来,我们的问题是,这两种观点,我们到底应该相信哪一种,二元论还是物理主义

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As I say, the dualist position, as we're understanding it, is not a view that says there are only minds, there are no bodies.

前面已经谈到,二元论,就我们的理解,并不认为只有心灵而没有肉体

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But I don't think what we should say is, "The better explanation lies with the dualist."

但我们也不能说,二元论的解释更好

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Now, I think the best response on the part of the dualist to this reply is to distinguish two aspects of feelings, two aspects of emotions.

现在,我认为二元论者对这一答复的,最好回应,就是区分感受的两方面,情绪的两个方面

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The dualist view, according to which a person is a body and a soul.

二元论认为,人是由肉体和灵魂两部分组成

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So that's I think the position that we ought to ascribe to the dualist.

所以我认为,这应归入二元论者的立场

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That's the attraction, at least one of the attractions, of the dualist view.

这就是吸引人的地方,至少是众多吸引人地方中的一处,就二元论者的观点而言

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If the very idea of soul that we're working with here under the dualist picture is the soul as an immaterial substance, it's not made of ordinary atomic matter.

如果关于我们正在讨论的,观点是建立在二元论的基础上,即灵魂是非物质实体,它并非由一般的原子物质组成

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If the dualist comes and says, "Can't you just see that it's not remotely possible, it's not conceivably possible, for a purely physical object to have experiences, to have qualia?"

如果是二元论者,他们则会走过来说,你没觉得吗,一个纯粹的物理对象,能够拥有体验和感受性的可能性,简直微乎其微,就连想想都觉得难以置信

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And it's because of that that I think we shouldn't be dismissive of the dualist when the dualist says, "We've got to believe in souls in order to explain it."

正因如此,我认为我们不应该轻视二元论者,当他们说,我们只有相信灵魂才能解释这些

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The thought would be, when the soul and the body have been separated-- such the dualist explains-- the soul has lost its ability to give commands to the body.

也就是说,当灵魂与肉体分离时,以二元论的解释,灵魂就丧失了对肉体的控制能力

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Let me say something more then about the dualist position.

就二元论观点,我再多说几句

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So this first view we can call "The dualist view."

第一个观点我们把它称作"二元论"

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I don't actually think that the dualist view is correct.

我并不相信二元论的正确性

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You could imagine the dualist coming back and saying, "Look, in the case of the heat-seeking missile or the robot for that matter, although it's doing things, it's just obeying orders.

你可以假想二元论反驳说,在热追踪导弹,或是机器人的例子里,尽管他们各尽其职,但也只是恪守命令

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That's what the soul does, so says the dualist.

那就是灵魂的职责,二元论如是说

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Well again, that doesn't prove the dualist is wrong.

那并不能证明二元论是错的

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There's the dualist view--people are bodies and souls.

二元论认为,人由肉体和灵魂组成

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The physicalist says "No"; the dualist says "Yes."

物理主义派说不而二元论者说是

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On the dualist view, what was death?

二元论认为,什么是死亡

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If the dualist were to start offering us some elaborate theory of consciousness, "Well, there's these sorts of soul structures, and those sorts of soul structures, and these create these sensations and those create those sensations.

如果二元论者试图,为我们提供一个详尽的意识理论学说,你看,这是灵魂的什么什么结构,那是灵魂的什么什么结构,这些产生了这种感觉,那些产生了那种感觉

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That's the dualist view.

这是二元论的观点

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Now, if we push the dualist to explain what is it about free will that rules out the possibility that we are merely physical objects, I think the natural suggestion to spell out the argument goes like this, and this is where we were at the end of last time.

现在如果我们让二元论者去解释,什么是自由意志,它又是如何否定,人仅仅是物理实体这种可能性的,我认为他们自然会这样,阐述这个论证,这是就我们在上节课结束时讲到的内容

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