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The mathematical theory of probability was unknown until that time and you can see that insurance suddenly made an appearance at that time.
在那之前,概率的数学理论,是不存在的,而随着概率论的出现,保险业也突然出现了
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If you follow through from the independent theory, there's one of the basic relations in probability theory-- it's called the binomial distribution.
如果继续往下看,在概率论里有一个基本的概念,叫做二项分布
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I wanted to talk about that with a little bit of reference to probability theory and so that's what I will be covering.
讲到这些内容的时候,会涉及一些概率论的知识,这些就是下一讲的内容
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I think it was the invention of probability theory that really started it and that's why I think theory is very important in finance.
我认为是概率论的诞生,真正促生了保险业,那也是为什么,我认为理论对于金融来说非常重要
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The idea of probability theory is that no, you can't change things, there are all these objective laws of probability out there that guide everything.
而概率论的观点是,不,你无法改变事物,世间万物遵循客观的概率,它们即是定律
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Ian Hacking, who wrote a history of probability theory, searched through world literature for any reference to a probability and could find none anywhere before 1600.
伊恩·哈金为概率论追根溯源,他查遍世界所有关于概率的文献,发现无法追溯到十七世纪以前
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It really is probability theory and the idea of spreading risk through risk pooling.
就是概率论,以及通过风险汇聚来分摊风险
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One of the first principles of probability theory is called the multiplication rule.
概率论的最基本的原则,有一条叫乘法原理
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In the second lecture, I talked about the pooling of risks and the basic theme of that lecture was that we now have a mathematical theory, probability theory.
第二课，我讲了风险汇聚及分摊,那节课的主题是,一门数学理论，即概率论。
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The institution of insurance is something that really came in--it's one of the earliest-- I consider it a division of finance-- really came in the 1600s when probability theory was invented.
保险机构的出现,我认为这是金融业中,最早的分支之一,大约在17世纪,概率论刚刚诞生
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The real insurance industry, as I mentioned before, began in the 1600s with the invention of probability theory and with the invention of life tables for-- the invention of actuarial science; but, it grew slowly.
正如我刚才所提到的,真正的保险始于17世纪,这得益于概率论,寿命表以及,精算学的产生,但是,它的发展很缓慢
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